Lecture No (3)

The Cell Structure

Cell organelles I

First Year=(2019-2020)=Biology.
M.B.BS,B.D.S, B.PH,&M.LS
 Cell organelles
there is a set of organelles within the cell that allow
the cell to function properly.

Most organelles can only be seen with an “electron

microscope.
 The Eukaryotic cell
(Animal cell ) & (plant Cell
 Cell Wall
Extracellular structure surrounding plasma membrane
Structure: a non-living secretion of the cell
membrane, composed of cellulose.
  Function:
1. Protection: from physical injury.
2. Together with vacuole, provides skeletal support.
Most commonly found in plant cells controls turgidity
 cell membrane
The cell membrane called plasma membrane or
plasma lemma). is a biological membrane that
separates the interior of a cell from the
outside environment..
The cell membrane is selectively -permeable to ions
and organic molecules and controls the movement of
substances in and out of cells.
Structure:
It is made of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
proteins that span through the membrane and allow
passage of materials.
- Proteins are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer
(hydrophobic fat-like molecules and hydrophilic
phosphorus molecules, water-loving) .
.
Functions of plasma membrane :
1. Connecting surfaces, bind cells together
2. Selectively permeable to select chemicals that pass
in and out of cells.
Cell Membrane plasma membrane
 3. CYTOPLASM
The cytoplasm is a matrix a water-like
substance in which organelles are suspended .
• Cytosol : is made up of water, salts, organic
molecules and many enzymes that catalyze
reactions.
 4- The Nucleus
It contains most of the cell's genetic material. It
consist of the following parts.

(1) The Nuclear Membrane or nuclear envelop:

It is a double membrane that encloses the entire
organelle and separates its contents from the
cellular cytoplasm. It is selectively permeable to
control movement in or out through the
numerous openings . Outer membrane continu-
ous with rough ER.
(2-) Nucleolus:
Non-membrane -bound structure composed of
proteins and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
-A nucleolus is a site of synthesis of most of the
ribosomal RNA and where ribosome assembly begins.

(3-) Chromosomes:
- Usually in the form of chromatin, contains genetic
information composed of DNA,
-It controls cell metabolism and heredity
-Chromatin :thread-like strands of DNA form
condensed bodies of chromosomes when nucleus
starts to divide.

(c) Nuclear pores:

Are required to allow movement of molecules across
the envelope.

-The nucleus encloses jellylike nucleo- plasm

 5-Cytoskeleton
-The cytoskeleton is a skeleton contained within the
cytoplasm that is made out of protein.
- Structure:

It consists of three main kinds of filaments, which

are:
1. Microfilament.
2. Intermediate filaments.
3. Microtubules.
Functions: Multiple
1-Maintenance of cell-shape
4-Plays important roles in intra-cellular transport (the
movement of vesicles and organelles)
6- anchoring organelles.

.
Cytoskeleton
 6- Centriole
Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus/
Structure:
Nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole,
two centrioles form one centrosome.
Function:
Forms spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during
cell division (involved in cellular division).
CENTRIOLES
 Vesicles and vacuoles
A vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed sack that can
store or transport substances.
Structure of vacules:
a single layer of unit membrane enclosing fluid in a sack.
Function :
1-Produces turgor pressure against cell wall for support
2-stores small molecules such as water, ions, sucrose, amino
acids, enzymes and various chemicals may store insoluble
wastes
3-They can also hold waste products which will be slowly
degraded.
Vesicles
THANKS