Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Crop Care
Crop Care
MACHINERY
PREPARED BY: NELSON SILVERIO
IRRIGATION
EQUIPMENTS
CENTRIFUGAL, AXIAL
& MIXED FLOW WATER
PUMP
PUMP
DEFINITION OF TERMS
AXIAL FLOW PUMP
Type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head by propelling or lifting
action of the impeller vanes on the water
MIXED FLOW PUMP
Type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal and the axial flow pump
and in which head is developed partly by the centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the vanes
on the water
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which draws water into the pump
through a central inlet opening and forces water out through a discharge outlet at the periphery
of the housing by means of centrifugal force.
PUMP
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
PUMP
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DIFUSER PUMP
Turbine pump, type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is surrounded by
diffuser vanes.
VOLUTE PUMP
Type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or volute
curve
PUMP
DEFINITION OF TERMS
BASE PLANE
Datum Elevation
CAVITATION
Formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and collapse.
CAPACITY
Discharge at maximum efficiency
DISCHARGE
Volume of water pump per unit time.
PUMP
DEFINITION OF TERMS
HEAD
Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content
of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum
FRICTION HEAD, hf
Equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the
pipe and pipe fittings
PUMP
DEFINITION OF TERMS
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH), hsv
Total suction head determined at the suction nozzle (corrected to pump center line)
minus the vapor pressure of water at the pumping temperature.
PRIMING TEST – Performed to determine the priming time of self priming pump
PUMP
METHODS OF TEST
PRESSURE GAUGE ATTACHEMENT
Suction and Discharge pipe length : 4D (D, Bore diameter of Pump)
Pressure Tapping Location : 2D
Pressure Tapping Position : Right angle to the bend curve
of the pipe
Pressure Tapping Diameter, d : 2 – 6 mm, or 1/10 of D.
Pressure Tapping Length : 2d
PUMP
METHODS OF TEST
PRESSURE GAUGE ATTACHEMENT
PUMP
METHODS OF TEST
DIFFERENT METHODS OF DISCHARGE
MEASUREMENT
Container Method
Weight Method
Volume Method
Wear Method, Q in L/s, l and H in cm.
90° Triangular Wear
Rectangular Wear
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
FRICTION HEAD
Where:
L - length of pipe, m
V - velocity, m/s
f - Coefficient of friction
D - Pipe Diameter
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE
Where:
Patm- Atmospheric Pressure
Pvp - Vapor Pressure
ϒ - Specific weight of water
Hs - Suction Head / Lift
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
PRESSURE HEAD
Where:
Pgauge - Gauge Pressure
ϒ - Specific weight of water
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
VELOCITY HEAD
Where:
V - velocity
g - gravity
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
TOTAL HEAD
Where:
Hd - Total Discharge Head
Hs - Total Suction Head
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
WATER POWER
Where:
- Specific Weight
Q - Total Discharge Head
H - Total Suction Head
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
INPUT POWER
Where:
T - Torque, kg-m
N - Shaft Speed, RPM
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
PUMP EFFICIENCY
PUMP
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
OVERALL EFFICIENCY
Where:
P - Prime-mover Power
ROTATING
SPRINKLER HEAD
ROTATING SPRINKLER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
NOZZLE
Aperture of the sprinkler head through which the liquid is discharged
RADIUS OF THROW
Farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point at
which liquid is deposited
ROTATING SPRINKLER HEAD
Rotating sprinkler, device which by its rotating motion around its vertical axis
distributes liquid over an area
ROTATING SPRINKLER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
IMPACT DRIVEN
SPRINKLER HEAD
Type of rotating sprinkler head which rotates
using weighted or spring-loaded arm which is
propelled by the liquid stream and hits the
sprinkler body
ROTATING SPRINKLER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
SPRINKLER HEAD
Hydraulically operated mechanical device which discharges liquid through a
nozzle
TRAJECTORY ANGLE
Angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane, as discharged from the
sprinkler nozzle operating at the test pressure.
PART – CIRCLE SPRINKLER
Rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of a circular area, either with or
without the possibility of adjusting it to irrigate the entire circular area
ROTATING SPRINKLER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
RANGE OF EFFECTIVE PRESSURE
Pressure range between the minimum effective pressure, pmin, and the maximum
effective pressure, pmax, declared by the manufacturer as the pressure range in
which the sprinklers operate effectively.
NOTE: The pressure is measured at the base of the sprinkler, at a point situated
about 0.20 m below the main nozzle of the sprinkler, but with the pressure gauge
situated in the same plane as the main nozzle.
ROTATING SPRINKLER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
BASE PRESSURE
Pressure measured at a point on the riser with a distance of at least five times the
nominal sprinkler inlet diameter from the last upstream direction change or
change in pipe cross sectional area
ROTATING SPRINKLER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO TYPE
Rotary
Spray
Where:
Dp - Piston Displacement
A - Area of the cylinder
L - Stroke
LOKS
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
Where:
Dp - Piston Displacement
Va - Actual Volume Discharge.
MIST BLOWER
MIST BLOWER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
MIST
Fine drops of liquids, such as water or chemical pesticides sprayed into the air.
MIST BLOWER
Equipment that sprays liquid in form of mist
WAND
Part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower.
MIST BLOWER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
BLOWER RANGE
Distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out.
NUMBER MEDIAN DIAMETER
Diameter of the droplet which will divide the number of droplets into two equal
halves.
VOLUME MEDIAN DIAMETER
Diameter of the droplet that will divide the volume of droplets into two equal
halves.
MIST BLOWER
CLASSIFICATION
BACKPACK MIST
BLOWER
Type of mist blower that is carried by the
operator at his back for mobility.
MIST BLOWER
CLASSIFICATION
MOUNTED MIST
BLOWER
Type of mist blower that is mounted on a
tractor or other vehicle for mobility.
MIST BLOWER
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT
DISCHARGE RATE : 0.12 L/min – 0.17 L/min (per nozzle)
AIR SPEED : 90 m/s (minimum)
POWER SPRAYER
FOR MANGO
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LANCE
Metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of the power sprayer.
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO
Equipment powered by an electric motor or an engine used to spray fertilizer or
pesticides to a certain height.
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
Component of the power sprayer used to regulate pressure.
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Nozzle
Tip of the lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out.
RUN-OFF
Overflow of the water from the nozzle.
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO
CLASSIFICATIONS
FRAME MOUNTED
POWER SPRAYER
Type of power sprayer mounted on a
steel frame which is carried by at least
two operators for transport.
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO
CLASSIFICATIONS
WHEEL MOUNTED POWER SPRAYER
Type of power sprayer mounted on wheels, either push by the operator or towed
by a vehicle. The pump can be powered by an electric motor or an engine.
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENT
MAIN FRAME
AISI 1020, at least 6 mm thick.
SPRAY HOSE
10 mm diameter, 15 m – 200 meter long.
LANCE
At least 1 m long.
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENT
GROUND CLEARANCE
at least 200 mm
INTAKE HOSE
16 mm diameter
FILTER
100 mesh per 1 sq.cm
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT
NOISE LEVEL
92 db(A) (1 meter away from the source of noise)
OPERATING PRESSURE
1.2 MPa (175 psi) – 1.75 MPa (250 psi)
DISCHARGE RATE
15 L/min
POWER SPRAYER
FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATION
PERCENT ERROR OF DROPLET SIZE
Where:
Dm - Mean Droplet diameter
Da - Actual Droplet diameter
WEEDING
EQUIPMENT
WEEDER
WEEDER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
WEEDING EFFICIENCY/WEEDING INDEX
Percentage of weed removed/destroyed per unit area.
WEEDER
Implement used to remove/destroy weeds from agricultural lands
WEEDS
Unwanted plants growing in the field competing the main crop for nutrients,
moisture and sunlight.
WEEDER
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DAMAGE PLANTS
Plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant) that may
affect crop growth.
PERCENT DAMAGE PLANTS
Percent of plants injured during operation.
WEEDER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO DESIGN OF WORKING PART
Blade Type
Type of weeder with rectangular, triangular or crescent shapes with cutting
edges sharpened and hardened.
WEEDER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO DESIGN OF WORKING PART
Tine Type
Type of weeder with straight, curved, round or squared cross-section steel
rods with sharply pointed and hardened soil engaging ends.
WEEDER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO DESIGN OF WORKING PART
Rotary Type
Type of weeder with curve or straight spikes or paddles radially attached to
a common axle, which rotate to uproot and bury weeds.
WEEDER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO POWER SOURCE
Manually Operated Seeders
Hand Held Weeder
Type of weeder which utilize either blade or tine type of soil working parts with short (0.15 m
to 0.5 m), medium (>0.5 m to 1 m) and long (>1 m) handles
WEEDER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
POWER SOURCE
Manually Operated
Seeders
Push Type Weeder
Type of weeder which utilizes either blade,
tine or rotary soil working parts for dry and
wet field weeding.
WEEDER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
POWER SOURCE
Animal Drawn Weeder
Type of weeder in which soil working
parts are mounted on a frame or tool
bar and pulled by an animal for dry
field weeding.
WEEDER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO POWER
SOURCE
Power Weeder
Type of rotary weeder driven by
its own engine for wet field
weeding.
WEEDER
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO POWER
SOURCE
Tractor Mounted
Type of weeder in which soil working
parts are mounted on a frame or tool
bar and pulled by either two- or four-
wheel tractor for dry field weeding.
WEEDER
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENT
FOR MANUALLY OPERATED AND ANIMAL
DRAWN
SOIL WORKING PART
Carbonsteel with at least 50% carbon content and 0.05% Sulphur
and phosphorus content (e.g. AISI 1055).
350
and 450 HB (Brinell Hardness), or 37.7 to 47.8 HRC (Rockwell
Hardness), or 370 to 483 HV (Vickers Hardness).
WEEDER
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENT
FOR TRACTOR DRAWN
SOIL WORKING PART
Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon content and 0.0005% Boron
content (e.g. AISI 1080).
WEEDER
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT
FIELD EFFICIENCY
80%
PERCENTAGE OF PLANT DAMAGED
6% maximum
WEEDER
FIELD PERFORMANCE TEST
AREA REQUIREMENT
Hand Held : 20 sq.m
Push Type : 100 sq.m
Animal Drawn : 250 sq.m
Two – Wheel Tractor Drawn : 500 sq.m
Four – Wheel Tractor Drawn : 1000 sq.m
WEEDER
FIELD PERFORMANCE TEST
OPERATING SPEED REQUIREMENT
Animal Drawn : 2 – 4 kph
Two – Wheel Tractor Drawn : 3 – 4 kph
Four – Wheel Tractor Drawn : 5 – 6 kph
THANK YOU!!
GOD BLESS US ALL!!