VARIETIES OF SPOKEN

AND WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
 Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language
variations as prescribed by most linguistics based on the
ideas of Mahboob (2014).
1. Language varies when communicating with people within
(local) and outside (global) our community.
2. Language varies in speaking and in writing.
3. Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses.
 INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND
ARGUMENTATIVE
COMMUNICATION
 1. INFORMATIVE
COMMUNICATION
• Involves giving than asking
• As an informative communicator, you want your receivers to pay
attention and understand but not to change their behavior.
• By sharing information, ignorance is being reduced, or better yet,
eliminated.
• The information value of a message is measured by how novel and
relevant the information is or the kind of understanding it provides
the receivers.
 Osborn (2009) purports that informative
communication arises out of three deep impulses.
a. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around us.
b. We seek to become more competent.
c. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and
how things are made.
 2. PERSUASIVE
COMMUNICATION
• Is an art of gaining fair and favorable considerations for our point of view.
a. It provides a choice among options.
b. It advocates something through a speaker
c. It uses supporting material to justify advice
d. It turns the audience into agents of change.
e. It gives importance to the speaker’s credibility.
f. It appeals to feelings.
g. It has higher ethical obligation.
 PUBLIC
SPEAKING
 “Only the prepared speaker deserves to be
confident.” – Dale Carnegie

“Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear ----

not absence of fear.”
– Mark Twain
1. PUBLIC SPEAKING
- also called oratory or oration; is a process of speaking in a structures,
deliberate manner to inform, influence or entertain an audience.
- this type of speech is deliberately structured with three general purposes:
to inform, to persuade and to entertain.
- Public speaking is commonly understood as formal, face-to-face speaking
of a single person to a group of listeners.
- Public speaking can be governed by different rules and structures.
2. SPEECH
- is the ability to speak or the act of speaking.
- Is the term used to refer to the body spoken expressions
of information and ideas. A speech may be delivered in
the following modes: read from a manuscript,
memorized and delivered extemporaneous speech or
impromptu.
a. Reading from a Manuscript
• Is appropriate when the speech is long and when details are complicated and
essential such as that they need to be given completely.
• Also appropriate when one is asked to deliver a prepared speech on behalf of
another speaker.
• When a message is delivered through reading, the force, naturalness and eye
contact may be diminished because the eyes have to travel from page to the
audience and vice versa.
 b. Memorized
• Speech requires a speaker to commit everything to memory.
• This method is excellent for short messages although it is also used for long
pieces in oratorical, declamation and other literary contests.
• Just like a read speech, a memorized speech also poses challenge in
naturalness.
• The worst experience one could have in delivering a memorized speech is to
forget the lines and fail to shift smoothly to another mode of delivery.
c. Extemporaneous Speech
• May have a short or a long preparation. The speaker may use an outline to
guide him through his speech to achieve better organization and to avoid
leaving out details.
• Unlike reading, extemporaneous speaking necessitates the speaker to
formulate his sentences while he is speaking.
• Extemporaneous speech is a method that most lectures and teachers use; a
good extemporaneous speech should be spontaneous.
d. Impromptu
• Means speaking at the spur of the moment.
• Since there is very minimal or no time for preparation given for
impromptu, the content and organization may suffer.
• Impromptu may not deliver the best though in the best way but it
brings out the most natural thing to say at the moment.
Assignment:
Choose one speech in the following and memorize it. Presentation will be on December 28,
2022.
a. Speech of Brutus
b. Speech of Barack Obama
c. Speech of Charlie Chaplin
d. Speech of Julius Ceasar