UNDERSTANDING Reporter:

THE CONCEPT Romarate, Ailyn M.

BSED ENG1A
LESSON 1
Understanding the
Concept
• The very basic requirement for effective verbal
communication to occur is the understanding and
agreement of the speaker and the listener.
• This is done through careful analysis of the structure,
the production of sounds and the proper articulation.
• Thus, it is imperative for you to get familiar with some
basic concepts related to sound production and
articulation.
PHONOLOGY AND
PHONETICS

• PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS

are two interrelated terms.
• These two terms are defined to
understand the concepts better.
 It is the study of speech sounds.

It looks into the patterns of sounds in a particular

utterance and across languages.

PHONOLOGY
It scrutinizes the differences between languages by
exploring what sounds could go together to make
patterns and form into words.

It analyzes history in terms of the changes of sounds in

a particular language in comparison with another
language.
PHONOLOGY
• It examines the abstract mental units such as language
structures of sounds.
• It investigates the different processes such as how
objects and sound are mentally represented in human
brains.
• It identifies some categorical organizations of speech
sounds in the minds and how they are used to convey
messages.
• It studies how a human brain is programmed like the
computer, in terms of speech recognition and language
processing.
 To explore how syllables could be broken down.

Phonology identifies syllables as a component of the

nucleus (the vowel sound) and coda (the consonant
Scope of sound) in the syllables.

Phonology
It studies how the sounds are combined and which
combination is accepted.

Phonology is the Phonetics and Phonemics of

language at a particular time.
 PHONETICS
• It deals with the definite production and
acoustics of the sounds of language.
• It looks into the speech production and the
interaction of the different organs of speech
such as the teeth, the tongue, the lips to
articulate a certain sound.
• It is the study of physical qualities of speech.
PHONOLOGY
versus PHONETICS
 PHONOLOGY
versus PHONETICS
• Phonology looks at the object as a mental
representation of the sound, while
• Phonetics studies sounds as a
representation of a concrete object.
• Phonology is concerned with the abstract
elements, whereas
• Phonetics deals a concrete and material
properties of sounds.
PHONOLOGY versus
PHONETICS
• PHONETICS - study of sounds especially
- study of speech sounds different patterns of sounds.

- studies the production, - belongs to theoretical

linguistics.
transmission, reception of sound
- Belong to descriptive
linguistics
• PHONOLOGY
 It looks into the structure of language in
terms of phonemes or its distinct units of
sound.

Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a

PHONEMICS specific language that differentiates one
word from another.

Examples: the sounds of /p/, /d/, /b/, /t/ in

words pat, dab, bad, and tab.
 PHONETICS versus
PHONEMICS
• IN TERMS OF TRANSCRIPTIONS
• Phonetics offer more specifics on how sounds
are produced, while
• Phonemics shows how people interpret such
sounds.
• IN TERMS OF REPRESENTATION
• In Phonetics, brackets are used to enclose
phones or sounds, while
• In Phonemics, slashes are used to enclose
phonemes.
 In Phonetics, phones or sounds are defined
universally, whereas

In Phonemics, phonemes are relative to

languages.
PHONETICS
versus
PHONEMICS Therefore, Filipino phoneme /d/ and English
phoneme /d/ are both meaningful yet,

The phone [d] if represented in both English and

Filipino languages are not the same set of sounds.
 An allophone is prodictable phonetic variations or any
speech sounds that stand as a single phoneme, such as

The aspirated /k/ in "kit" and the unaspirated /k/ in

“skit”, which are allophones of the phoneme /k/, or the
ALLOPHONES aspirated it /t/ in "top" and unaspirated /t/ in "stop" and
the flap sound of the /tt/ in <<batter>> are allophones of
phoneme /t/.

Others distinguish the allophones based on the

difference in the spelling
 PHONEMES versus
ALLOPHONES
• Phonemes are described as the recognizable
distinct unit of sound , while
• Allophones are the variants of sounds.
• Phonemes are related to speech meaning,
while
• Allophones are related to speech enunciation.
 PHONEMES versus
ALLOPHONES
• Phonemes could be a spoken language,
while
• Allophones are uttered.
• Allophones could be associated with spelling
but
• Phonemes do not always sync with spelling.
PHONEMES versus
ALLOPHONES

• Phonemes are the implicitly specific sound units in a language. For

instance, the words ‘pet’ and ‘bet’ vary in their first phoneme the /p/
and /b/.
• Similarly, the words "pat” and "pet" vary in the middle phoneme,
which is a vowel. When the phonemes differ in two words, they are
referred to as minimal-pairs.
 • An allophone is described as the different ways
to articulate a phoneme based on its setting in a
PHONEMES word. Listen to how two allophones of /l/ in the
versus word “little " could vary in sound.

ALLOPHONE
• One way could be producing the sound slightly
S deeper and another could be by using deletion
and drop of the /l/.
• These differences in producing always occur in
the different setting of words, which is named
as "complementary distribution".

• Complementary distribution often occurs when

sounds are modified by their environment such
as the initial /p/ in "pepper" which is different
from how the p in spot is sounded.
ARTICULATION

• Articulation is the production of sounds

using the vocal tract, such as the
articulation of the sounds of vowels and
consonants.
 PRONUNCIATION

• It is the way in which a word or a

language spoken.

• It refers to generally agreed-upon

sequences of sounds used in speaking a
given word or language in a specific
dialect.
ARTICULATION versus
PRONUNCIATION
• Articulation is the act of producing the
sounds using the organs of speech
such as the jaws, the tongue, the lips,
etc., while
• Pronunciation is the manner of
speaking the words correctly. It is a way
of producing sounds including stress,
intonation, and articulation.
• The sound production is based on the
acceptability and the standard
Pronunciation is the manner of
sounding the words during the
utterance.

• If articulation is producing the sounds

using the organs of speech, enunciation
is the clarity of how the sounds are
made.
 PHONATIONS

• Humans always make sounds. Every time you do

something, you make and produce sounds. Even
when you hit your head, you would most probably
say "ouch”. The physical properties of each sound
production are referred to as the phonation. It is
called the reason for the sound.
• Phonation occurs when the air is carried into the
lungs. Then the air passes through the glottis and
the larynx. This causes the vibration of the vocal
folds where the sounds are produced
NASALIZATION

• When the mouth utters some words,

occasionally the velum is lowered, some
air passes through the nose. This is called
the nasalization. It occurs when the sound
is expelled partly through the nose and
the mouth, such as the sound of /n/.