DEVELOPMEN

T OF A
PROCESS
SCHEME

Virgin Coconut Oil

Production
 Introduction
 A Process Flow Diagram (PFD) is a form of flowchart that depicts
the interactions between various components of a manufacturing
plant. Though its concepts are sometimes extended to other
processes, it is most commonly utilized in process engineering. It is
used to document a process, improve an existing one, or design a
new one. It may also be referred to as a Process Flow Chart, Flow
Sheet, Block Flow Diagram, Piping and Instrument Diagram, System
Flow Diagram, or System Diagram, depending on its application and
content. They illustrate a process using a sequence of symbols and
notations.  The symbols vary depending on where they are used, and
the diagrams can range from crude, hand-drawn scrawls or sticky
notes to professional-looking diagrams with expanding information.
Introduction
A flowchart might include a series of actions, materials or
services entering or exiting the process (inputs and outputs),
decisions that must be made, persons who get involved,
time spent at each stage, and/or process measurement.
Objectives
 construct a process scheme for specific process
design.

Methodology
 Draw and discuss the block diagram and process flow of
an existing process/production plant.
 Identify a food/crop process design and construct its
block diagram and process flow diagram. Discuss the
process flow and activities for the processing plant. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Virgin Coconut Oil Production Block Diagram

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Simplified Process Flow Diagram of a Coconut Processing Plant

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 Fresh coconut meat was procured from a local

supplier. The process begins with the mechanical
pressing of coconut grated to obtain coconut milk.
The coconut milk was then chilled to 10°C to break
the emulsion for easier water and coconut butter
separation. The chilled coconut milk was transferred
to a mixing vessel where it was churned until coconut
butter was heated to 45°C followed by centrifugation
to separate the non-oil fraction from the product
VCO. Finally the product was filtered to remove any
suspended solid
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 Matured fresh nuts were de-husked and de-shelled manually

at the coconut processing plants. Then the nut was pared off
to get rid of the brown skin layer known as ‘testa’ as the
brown skin can bring a bitter taste. The obtained white
kernels were washed thoroughly, with 100 ppm H2O2
solution followed by potable water. The kernels were
drained and precut using industrial scale cutters. The pre-cut
coconut was steam blanched for 10 minutes and milk was
extracted mechanically using a screw press without adding
water. In some mills the residual kernel from this first press
is then mixed with water before it is pressed again to
increase extraction yield. Coconut milk was filtered after
extraction to remove large contaminants. Then the milk was
homogenized at 15 000 rpm for 15 minutes using a
homogenizer. Then the milk
CONCLUSION

 In conclusion, Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs) are

flowcharts used to document processes, improve existing
ones, or design new ones. They use symbols and notations
to illustrate a process, including inputs, outputs, decisions,
personnel, time spent, and process measurement. Coconut
meat was mechanically pressed, chilled, churned, heated,
centrifuged, and filtered to separate non-oil fraction from
product VCO. Coconut nuts were de-husked, de-shelled,
pared off, washed, precut, steam blanched, extracted
mechanically, filtered, homogenized, pasteurized, and
stored at 4 °C for dispatch.
 THANK YOU

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