1 Introduction Manajerial

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Manajerial #1

Aplikasi teori ekonomi dan alat


pengambilan keputusan untuk
mengetahui bagaimana organisasi
dapat mencapai tujuannya secara lebih
efektif.
Managerial Decision Problems

Economic theory Decision Sciences


Microeconomics Mathematical Economics
Macroeconomics Econometrics

MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Application of economic theory
and decision science tools to solve
managerial decision problems

OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO
MANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS
Managerial economics as an economics discipline

Economics

Macroeconomics Microeconomics

Money, finance, banking “Sector” economics


Labor economics
Economics of IT and EC

Managerial economics

International Economics
Regional Economics
Economic Development
Managerial economics as
an economics discipline

The role of managerial


economics in managerial
decision making

Economic optimisation

The value of the firm

Economic constraints
 Product Price and Output
 Make or Buy
 Production Technique
 Stock Levels
 Advertising Media and Intensity
 Labor Hiring and Training
 Investment and Financing
masalah keputusan manajerial
Product price and output
Make or buy
Production technique
Internet strategy
Advertising media and intensity
Investment and financing

konsep ekonomi alat pengambilan keputusan


Theory of consumer behaviour Numerical analysis
Statistical analysis
Theory of firm
Forecasting
Theory of market structures and
Game theory
pricing
Optimisation

ekonomi manajerial
Use of economics concepts
and decision making tools to
solve managerial decision
problems
Optimal solutions
The Process of decision-making

Mengidentifikasi tujuan
Mendefinisikan masalah
Mengidentifikasi kemungkinan solusi
Memilih kemungkinan solusi terbaik
Mengimplementasikan keputusan
Theory of the firm

• Teori yang mengindikasikan bagaimana


perusahaan berperilaku dan apa tujuan mereka
• Mengkombinasikan dan mengorganisasikan
sumberdaya untuk tujuan produksi barang dan jasa
untuk perdagangan menginternalisasi transaksi,
dan mengurangi biaya transaksi
• Tujuan utama adalah memaksimisasi kesejahteraan
atau nilai perusahaan
 Expected Value Maximization
 Pemilik-manajer memaksimasi profit jangka pendek
 Tujuan utama jangka panjang adalah maksimisasi
expected-value
 Constraints and the Theory of the Firm
 Kendala sumberdaya.
 Kendala sosial
 Limitations of the Theory of the Firm
 Teori alternatif menambah persepsi
 Kompetisi mendorong efisiensi
 Pengambilalihan membuat manajer tidak efisien
The present value of all expected future profits
 Sales maximization
 Adequate rate of profit
 Management utility maximization
 Principle-agent problem
 Satisficing behavior
1. Profit
2. Market share
3. Revenue growth
4. Return on investment
5. Technology
6. Customer satisfaction
7. Shareholder value
Non-economic Objectives:
1. “A good place for our employees to work”
2. “Provide good products/services to our
customers”
3. “Act as a good citizen in our society”
 Business Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit or
accounting costs of production.
 Economic Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit
and implicit costs of production.
 Opportunity Cost: Implicit value of a resource in its
best alternative use.
 Profit merupakan signal untuk menunjukkan alokasi
sumberdaya
 Profit yang tinggi dalam industri merupakan sinyal
bahwa pembeli menginginkan lebih dari yang
diproduksi industri
 Profit negatif atau rendah memberikan sinyal bahwa
pembeli menginginkan lebih sedikit dibandingkan
yang diproduksi industri
 Risk-Bearing Theories of Profit
 Frictional Theory of Profit
 Monopoly Theory of Profit
 Innovation Theory of Profit
 Managerial Efficiency Theory of Profit
Nilai marjinal
• Nilai marjinal dari variabel dependen adalah perubahan
variabel dependen akibat perubahan 1 unit variabel
independen
• Maksimisasi muncul jika marjinal berubah dari positif
menjadi negatif
• Jika marjinal di atas rata-rata, maka rata-rata akan
menaik dan sebaliknya
• Marjinal merupakan derivasi dari nilai total
Poin utama
The dependent variable is maximized when its
marginal value shifts from positive to negative
hubungan antara output dan profit
perusahaan bejo

OUTPUT TOTAL MARGINAL AVERAGE


PER DAY PROFIT PROFIT PROFIT
0 0
1 100 100 100.0
2 250 150 125.0
3 600 350 200.0
4 1000 400 250.0
5 1350 350 270.0
6 1500 150 250.0
7 1550 50 221.4
8 1500 -50 187.5
9 1400 -100 155.6
10 1200 -200 120.0
Total, marginal, and average profit – Bejo Corporation

2000
TOTAL
1500
PROFIT
1000
PROFIT

MARGINAL
500 PROFIT
0 AVERAGE
PROFIT
-500 0 5 10 15

OUTPUT PER DAY


 Marginal v. Incremental Concept
 Marginal relates to one unit of output.
 Incremental relates to one managerial
decision.
 Multiple units of output is possible.

 Incremental Profits
 Profits tied to a managerial decision.
pilih alternatif yang menghasilkan hasil yang
konsisten dengan tujuan manajerial

Apa tujuan utama manajerial?

Tergantung struktur kepemilikan


Profit maximisation?
Sales/revenue maximisation?
The value of the firm
maximisation?

Profit per employee


maximisation?
Limited resourses

Labour
Capital
Finance
Raw materials
Environment

Limited capacity of market

Demand

Choice/Opportunity cost
 Mengapa perusahaan ada?
 Bisnis berguna untuk memberikan kepuasan bagi konsumen
 Bisnis memberikan kontribusi terhadap kesejahteraan sosial
 Social Responsibility of Business
 Melayani pelanggan
 Menyediakan lapangan kerja
 Mematuhi aturan dan regulasi

  perlu adanya etika bisnis


 Globalization of Economic Activity
 Goods and Services
 Capital
 Technology
 Skilled Labor
 Technological Change
 Telecommunications Advances
 The Internet and the World Wide Web

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