Chapter 1 Introduction To Computing

CCINCOML: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING SY: 2023-2024
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING
Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Objectives:
Chronological Understanding:
Develop a timeline of key milestones and inventions in the history of computing.
Pioneers and Innovators:
Identify and describe the contributions of important figures in the history of computing, such as Charles Babbage,
Alan Turing, Grace Hopper, and Steve Jobs.
Early Computing Devices:
Explore the development of early calculating devices, such as the abacus, slide rule, and mechanical calculators.
Understand the significance of Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine and Ada Lovelace's contributions.
Birth of Modern Computing:
Explain the role of electronic components in the development of modern computers, including vacuum tubes and
transistors.
Discuss the construction and significance of early electronic computers like ENIAC and UNIVAC.

Objectives:
Understanding the Basics:

Define what a computer is and understand its fundamental components (hardware and software).
Explain the key functions of a computer, including input, processing, storage, and output.
Operating Systems:
Introduce the concept of an operating system and its role in managing computer resources.
Familiarize students with different operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) and their interfaces.
Computer Hardware:
Identify and describe the major hardware components of a computer (CPU, RAM, storage devices, input/output
devices, etc.).
Understand the concept of binary representation and how it relates to computer data storage.
Software:
Differentiate between system software and application software.
Explain the concept of programming languages and their importance in software development.

A (Brief) History Of Computing

Ancient Origins
• Counting is hard…
• The Human Brain
• Abacus
• Numerals

The 1700’s and 1800’s

• Computing as a job
• Moved beyond governmental in a big way
• Industries now need large pools of
computing power
• Scientific inquiry requires more brainpower
and number crunching
• Inventions
• Pascal’s wheel
• Slide rules
• Napeir’s bones
• Jacquard’s loom  programmable!
Babbage and Lovelace

• Charles Babbage
• Math professor at Trinity College in
Cambridge
• Difference engine
• Analytical engine
• Mill and store (cpu and memory)
• Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace
• Amazing mathematician, helped Babbage
• “first programmer”

Hollerith and the Census

• U.S. needed help with the 1890 census
• Dr. Herman Hollerith, statistician and
inventor was hired to help
• Took punch cards from the Jacquard loom
and turned it into a punch card database!
• Cut down the census tabulation by 6 years
(from 8 to 2) saving millions
• Founds company that would become IBM
• Production of punch-card machines and
mechanical calculators

Electricity and Binary

• Konrad Zuse
• Civil engineer
• “you can say I was too lazy to calculate so I
invented the computer”
• Created the Z1 using binary and electrical
circuits
• Drafted into German military for WWII, but
was soon hired to build the Z2
• Saw the use of vacuum tubes for faster
computing, but calculated it would take too
long to implement.

Learning to love the Bombe

• Alan Turing
• Hired by England to crack codes set by the
enigma machine (the bombe)
• Electrical machine using logical operators to
brute force a solution to enigma settings
• Turing machines
• Turing test and AI

Artillery and vacuum tubes

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
And Computer)
• Artillery and bombing tables took too long
• Military hired Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr.
John Mauchly for a solution
• Began in 1943, announced in 1946, cost
$500,000, weighed roughly 30 tons,
required 18k vacuum tubes!
• Was thought impossible, too unreliable
• Programmed by wire…

Transistors and the UNIVAC

• Transistors came about from research at AT&T’s
Bell Labs and was the work of Berdeen, Brattain,
and Shockley
• was a smaller, faster, safer, cheaper and more
reliable version of the vacuum tube
• 1950’s census is taking too long, the census
needs help again
• Hires the makers of the ENIAC to take advantage
of the transistor.
• The result is the UNIVAC I, which predicts the
1952 presidential election, shocking all with
Eisenhower’s victory
Languages!
• With the success of the UNIVAC and other large
computers, more people are taking advantage of them.
• Programming these computers is tough stuff… either it’s
binay or assembly coding
• FORTRAM (Formula Translation) (John Backus, 1954)
comes about the help mathematicians. One of the first
“high level” languages
• COBOL (Common Business-oriented Language) ( Grace
Hopper 1959) comes about to help businesses program.

ERMA and MICr

• 1955, Bank of America announces it’s latest
project with the Stanford Research Institute: ERMA
the Electronic Record Method of Accounting
• Seeks to revolutionize the banking industry with
raw computing power
• ERMA comes equipped with MICR (Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition) allows computers to read
checks and changes the consumer experience
forever.

Integrated circuits and the space race

• The “Tyranny of Numbers”
• Seeking to miniaturize transistors, Jock Kilby and
Robert Noyce separately come upon the Integrated
circuit
• Combines transistors, resistors, capacitors, and all the
wiring onto a single chip of semiconductor material
• Smaller, safer, faster, more reliable, easier to make, but
more expensive
• Wasn’t until the manned mission to the moon that
they were put into use on a large scale (1960ish)

Of Mice and folders

• Much like computer programming, computer interfaces are
designed for and by a specialized group. All interaction is
either physical or text.
• A wider group of individuals were using computers (they
were getting smaller and more prevalent), they required a
very specific skill sets to use.
• Machine interaction becomes a field of study
• Doug Engelbart invents mouse, uses it in conjunction with
one of the first GUI’s (1964)
• Not the first interactive tool, but one that stuck around along
with the “office” metaphor (files, folders, projects, desktops)

The internet and global thermonuclear war
• 1969 ARPAnet, links computers with a standard protocol for the flow of
information.
• Started with 4 university computers, grew quickly in both size and structure
• Innovations included: email, telnet (remote computing), and FTP (file
transfer protocol).
• As it became larger, became unsafe for strictly military applications (MILnet)
• Spawned Local Area Networks (LAN’s)
• NSFnet (National Science Foundation network) starts as a LAN, branches out
to connect other LAN’s (1986), starts to replace ARPAnet (closed 1990) for
universities, evolves into the current internet.

Ramming speed! And microprocessors

• The integrated circuit improves processing speed so much that
memory speed (especially for non-sequential memory)
becomes an issue.
• In 1970, Intel comes out with the first Dynamic Random Access
Memory (DRAM)
• RAM had been around since 1947, this makes it smaller and
faster, mass marketed.
• 1969-1971 Fredrico Faggin at Intel designs the first
microprocessor, thus completing all of the hardware
components necessary for the personal computer

Smalltalk and objects

• 1960’s and 70’s saw the rise of many new
programming languages including BASIC, C (what
comes after B), Pascal, and Smalltalk
• Smalltalk is one of the most influential object
oriented languages, based on the ideas of
encapsulation, message passing, and modular
programming.
• Revolutionized how computer programs were
written.

Donald Knuth
• Often called the “Father of Computer Science”
• As a child he won an anagram competition for
“Ziegler's Giant Bar”, finding over 4,500 words that
could be made out of those letters (2,000 more than
the judges of the competition had found)
• Barely chose physics over music as a major at Case
Institute of Technology
• Wrote: “The Art of Computer Programming” a guide to
programming algorithms and their analysis that helped
set computer science apart form other disciplines.

History of Computing Systems (cont’d)
Personal Computers (1970s-1980s): The 1970s saw the

emergence of personal computers (PCs), starting with
machines like the Altair 8800. The IBM PC, introduced in 1981,
played a crucial role in popularizing personal computing.

Graphical User Interfaces (1980s-1990s): Xerox PARC

developed the concept of graphical user interfaces (GUIs),
which were later popularized by the Apple Macintosh in 1984
and Microsoft Windows in 1985.

World Wide Web (1990): British computer scientist Tim

Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, which
revolutionized communication and information sharing over
the internet.

Mobile Computing and Smartphones (2000s): The 2000s

brought about the rise of mobile computing, with the
introduction of smartphones that combined computing,
communication, and entertainment capabilities.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (2010s):

Advances in AI and machine learning led to breakthroughs in
areas like natural language processing, computer vision, and
autonomous systems.

Quantum Computing (ongoing): Quantum computers, which

leverage the principles of quantum mechanics, hold the
potential to solve complex problems much faster than
traditional computers, although practical large-scale quantum
computers are still in development.

CCINCOML : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING SY: 2023-2024
Type of Computing Systems

Computing systems come in various types, each designed to fulfill specific
purposes and requirements.
1. Personal Computers (PCs): These are general-purpose computers designed

for individual use. They include desktop computers, laptops, and ultrabooks.
PCs are used for tasks such as browsing the internet, word processing, gaming,
and multimedia consumption.

Type of Computing Systems (cont’d)
2. Servers: Servers are powerful computers designed to

provide services, resources, or data to other computers over a
network. They can serve various purposes, such as web
hosting, email services, database management, and file
storage.

3. Mainframes: Mainframes are large, high-performance

computers used by organizations to process and manage a
massive amount of data and transactions. They are commonly
used in industries where reliability, scalability, and security are
paramount, such as finance and healthcare.
4. Supercomputers: Supercomputers are extremely powerful

machines designed to handle complex scientific and
engineering computations. They excel at tasks like weather
forecasting, nuclear simulations, molecular modeling, and
other computations requiring massive processing power.
5. Embedded Systems: These are specialized computing

systems integrated into other devices or products to perform
specific functions. They are commonly found in everyday
items like smartphones, smart appliances, automobiles,
medical devices, and industrial machinery.
6. Workstations: Workstations are high-performance

computers optimized for tasks that require a lot of
computational power, such as 3D modeling, animation, video
editing, and scientific simulations.
7. Cluster Computing: Cluster computing involves connecting

multiple computers (nodes) together to work as a single
system. This approach is often used to handle complex
calculations and simulations that require significant processing
power, like scientific research and data analysis.
8. Distributed Systems: Distributed computing involves

connecting multiple computers over a network to work
together on a task. Each computer in the network contributes
a part of the processing power, enabling tasks to be
completed faster or with more resources.
9. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing refers to the delivery of

computing services, such as storage, processing power, and
software, over the internet. It allows users to access resources
on-demand, scaling up or down as needed without the need
for physical hardware.
10. Quantum Computers: Quantum computers utilize the

principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations that
would be infeasible for classical computers. They have the
potential to revolutionize fields like cryptography,
optimization, and material science.
11. Edge Computing: Edge computing involves processing data

closer to the source of data generation, reducing latency and
the need to transmit all data to centralized servers or the
cloud. It's particularly useful for applications that require real-
time processing, like IoT devices.
12. Grid Computing: Similar to cluster computing, grid

computing connects geographically distributed resources to
solve complex problems or perform large-scale simulations
that require significant computational power.
Components of Computing Systems

Computing systems are complex arrangements of hardware
and software that work together to perform various tasks.
These systems can range from personal computers to massive
data centers.
Components of Computing Systems (cont’d)
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is often considered

the "brain" of the computer. It performs instructions provided
by software, manages data processing, and controls the
overall operation of the system.

Memory: Memory, often referred to as RAM (Random Access

Memory), provides temporary storage for data and
instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. It is volatile
memory, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is
powered off.

Storage Devices: These devices provide long-term storage for

data, programs, and the operating system. Common types of
storage devices include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state
drives (SSDs), and various forms of external storage.

Input Devices: Input devices allow users to interact with the

computer by providing input. Examples include keyboards,
mice, touchscreens, and microphones.

Output Devices: Output devices display or present the results

of computations or user interactions. Examples include
monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones.

Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that

connects and provides communication between various
hardware components, including the CPU, memory, storage
devices, and expansion cards.

Expansion Cards: These cards are optional components that

can be added to a computer system to provide additional
capabilities. Graphics cards, sound cards, and network
interface cards are common examples.
Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU supplies electrical power to

all components of the computer system. It converts the
alternating current (AC) from the power outlet into direct
current (DC) that the computer's components can use.

Cooling System: Computers generate heat during operation,

and a cooling system (usually including fans and heat sinks) is
necessary to prevent overheating and maintain optimal
performance.

Operating System (OS): The operating system is software that

manages computer hardware and provides a user interface. It
controls memory allocation, file management, task
scheduling, and overall system operations.

Software Applications: These are programs that users run on

the computer to perform specific tasks, such as word
processing, web browsing, video editing, and more.
Network Interfaces: Network interfaces allow the computer

to connect to local and wide area networks, enabling
communication and data exchange with other devices and
servers.
Bus System: The bus system consists of pathways that allow

data and signals to travel between components within the
computer, such as between the CPU and memory or between
the CPU and peripheral devices.
Questions?

Thank You!

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CCINCOML: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING SY: 2023-2024

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Understanding the Basics:

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

A (Brief) History Of Computing

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

The 1700’s and 1800’s

Babbage and Lovelace

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Hollerith and the Census

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Electricity and Binary

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Learning to love the Bombe

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Artillery and vacuum tubes

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Transistors and the UNIVAC

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

ERMA and MICr

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Integrated circuits and the space race

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Of Mice and folders

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

The internet and global thermonuclear war

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Ramming speed! And microprocessors

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Smalltalk and objects

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

History of Computing Systems (cont’d)

Personal Computers (1970s-1980s): The 1970s saw the

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

History of Computing Systems (cont’d)

Graphical User Interfaces (1980s-1990s): Xerox PARC

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

History of Computing Systems (cont’d)

World Wide Web (1990): British computer scientist Tim

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

History of Computing Systems (cont’d)

Mobile Computing and Smartphones (2000s): The 2000s

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

History of Computing Systems (cont’d)

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (2010s):

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

History of Computing Systems (cont’d)

Quantum Computing (ongoing): Quantum computers, which

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Type of Computing Systems

1. Personal Computers (PCs): These are general-purpose computers designed

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Type of Computing Systems (cont’d)

2. Servers: Servers are powerful computers designed to

Prepared by: Mr. Lester G. Loyola, DIT

Type of Computing Systems (cont’d)

3. Mainframes: Mainframes are large, high-performance

Type of Computing Systems (cont’d)

4. Supercomputers: Supercomputers are extremely powerful

Type of Computing Systems (cont’d)