DC Circuits

Dr. Md. Aynal Haque

Professor
Department of EEE, BUET

Email: aynal@eee.buet.ac.bd
aynal.haque@northsouth.edu
Cell: 018 1763 8600
 Topic 2

Basic Laws
 Introduction

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 Ohm’s Law

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 Ohm’s Law

pay careful attention to current

direction

V = iR

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

Ohm’s Law
• Value of R : varies from 0 to infinity

• Extreme values : 0 & infinity.

• Only linear resistors obey Ohm’s Law.

Short circuit Open Circuit

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 Ohm’s Law

=1/R

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 Ohm’s Law

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 Ohm’s Law
• Example 1:
– Determine voltage (v), conductance (G) and power (p) from the
figure below.

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 Ohm’s Law
• Example 2:
– Calculate current i in figure below when the switch is in position 1.
– Find the current when the switch is in position 2.

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 Nodes, Branches, Loops
• Elements of electric circuits can be interconnected in several
way.

• Need to understand some basic concepts of network

topology.

• Branch: Represents a single element (i.e. voltage, resistor &

etc)

• Node: The meeting point between two or more branches.

• Loop: Any closed path in a circuit.

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 Nodes, Branches, Loops
• Example 3:
– Determine how many branches and nodes for the following
circuit.

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 Nodes, Branches, Loops
• Example 4:
– Determine how many branches and nodes for the following
circuit.

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Example 5:
– Given the following circuit, write the equation for currents.

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Example 6:
– Current in a closed boundary

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Example 9:
– Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit.

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

– Applied to a loop in a circuit.

– According to KVL The algebraic sum of voltage (rises and drops) in

a loop is zero.

+ v1 - +
+ V2
vs
-
- v3 + -

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Example 10:
– Use KVL to obtain v1, v2 and v3.

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Example 11:
– Use KVL to obtain v1, and v2.

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Example 12:
– Calculate power dissipated in 5Ω resistor.

10

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 Series Resistors & Voltage Division

• Series resistors  same current flowing through them.

 v1= iR1 & v2 = iR2

 KVL:
 v-v1-v2=0
 v= i(R1+R2)
 i = v/(R1+R2 ) =v/Req
 or v= i(R1+R2 ) =iReq
 Req = R1+R2

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 Series Resistors & Voltage Division

• Voltage Division:

– Previously:
• v1 = iR1 & v2 = iR2
• i = v/(R1+R2 )

– Thus:
• v1=vR1/(R1+R2)
• v2=vR2/(R1+R2)

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 Parallel Resistors & Current Division
• Parallel resistors  Common voltage across it.

 v = i1R1 = i2R2
 i = i1+ i2
= v/R1+ v/R2
= v(1/R1+1/R2)
 =v/Req
 v =iReq
 1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2
 Req = R1R2 / (R1+R2 )

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 Parallel Resistors & Current Division

• Current Division:

– Previously:
• v = i1R1 = i2R2
• v=iReq = iR1R2 / (R1+R2 )
• and i1 = v /R1 & i2 =v/ R2

– Thus:
• i1= iR2/(R1+R2)
• i2= iR1/(R1+R2 )

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 Conductance (G)

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 Voltage and Current Division
• Example 13:
– Calculate v1, i1, v2 and i2.

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 Voltage and Current Division
• Example 14:
– Determine i1 through i4.

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 Voltage and Current Division
• Example 15:
– Determine v and i.

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 Voltage and Current Division
• Example 16:
– Determine I and Vs if the current through 3Ω resistor = 2A.

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 Voltage and Current Division
• Example 17:
– Determine Rab.

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 Voltage and Current Division
• Example 18:
– Determine vx and power absorbed by the 12Ω resistor.

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 Wye – Delta Transformation
• Given the circuit, how to combine R1 through R6?
• Resistors are neither in series nor parallel…

• Use wye-delta transformations

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 Wye – Delta Transformation

Y network T network

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 Wye – Delta Transformation

Δ network π network

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 Wye – Delta Transformation
• Delta (Δ) to wye (y) conversion.

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 Wye – Delta Transformation
• Thus Δ to Y conversion :

– R1 = RbRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

– R2 = RaRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

– R3 = RaRb/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

# Each resistor in Y network is

the product of two adjacent
branches divided by the
summation of 3 Δ resistors

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 Wye – Delta Transformation
• Y to Δ conversions:

– Ra = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R3R1)/R1

– Rb = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R2

– Rc= (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R3

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 Wye – Delta Transformation
• Example 19:
– Transform the circuit from Δ to y.

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 Wye – Delta Transformation
• Example 20:
– Determine Rab.

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 Wye – Delta Transformation
• Example 21:
– Determine Io.

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 Questions???

Thank You!!!