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  • Lecture 57 - 3rd Asessment - Schistosoma

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    Trematodes are parasitic flatworms that generally reproduce through hermaphroditism. They possess leaf-like bodies covered in spines or tubercles, as well as organ systems like the digestive and excretory systems. Trematode life cycles involve eggs, miracidia that infect snail intermediate hosts, sporocysts or rediae that multiply inside snails, cercariae that infect secondary hosts like fish or crabs, and adults that infect definitive hosts and produce more eggs. Pathology depends on location in the host and includes lesions, irritation, obstruction, and granulomas from trapped eggs. Schistosomes uniquely have separate sexes and can cause conditions like fibrosis, enlarged organs,

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    Trematodes are parasitic flatworms that generally reproduce through hermaphroditism. They possess leaf-like bodies covered in spines or tubercles, as well as organ systems like the digestive and excretory systems. Trematode life cycles involve eggs, miracidia that infect snail intermediate hosts, sporocysts or rediae that multiply inside snails, cercariae that infect secondary hosts like fish or crabs, and adults that infect definitive hosts and produce more eggs. Pathology depends on location in the host and includes lesions, irritation, obstruction, and granulomas from trapped eggs. Schistosomes uniquely have separate sexes and can cause conditions like fibrosis, enlarged organs,

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    83 views31 pages

    Lecture 57 - 3rd Asessment - Schistosoma

    Uploaded by

    api-3703352
    Trematodes are parasitic flatworms that generally reproduce through hermaphroditism. They possess leaf-like bodies covered in spines or tubercles, as well as organ systems like the digestive and excretory systems. Trematode life cycles involve eggs, miracidia that infect snail intermediate hosts, sporocysts or rediae that multiply inside snails, cercariae that infect secondary hosts like fish or crabs, and adults that infect definitive hosts and produce more eggs. Pathology depends on location in the host and includes lesions, irritation, obstruction, and granulomas from trapped eggs. Schistosomes uniquely have separate sexes and can cause conditions like fibrosis, enlarged organs,

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    of 31

    TREMATODES

    GENERAL: Parasitic existence. Hermaphrodites except schistosomes.

    MORPHOLOGY: Leaf-like, tegument: non-cellular, covered with spines,

    tubercles or ridges-absorption of carbohydrates. Oral and ventral suckers.

    Primitive nervous, excretory and digestive systems.


    Reproductive system-classification (?). Ova operculate, (except schisto) shape,

    appearance and size is characteristic.

    Schistosomes unique! Sexes, Ova, Pathology

    Intermediate host Transmission

    PHYSIOLOGY:

    Nutrition-from tissues, secretions or intestinal contents. Respiration anaerobic.

    Larva aerobic.
    LIFE CYCLE: Egg, Miracidium, Snail (first intermediate host),

    Sporocyst: (Mother and daughter-multiply), Rediae, Cercariae;

    Infect (eg. Schisto) or metacercariae on 2nd IH (eg. Crab, fish), ingested, adult.

    PATHOLOGY: Lesions depend on location in host, numbers, toxic effects of products.

    Intestinal: Irritative and toxic. Liver: irritative, partial biliary tract obstruction.

    Lung: cystic lesions, ova in cavities.

    Schisto: Adults: blockage (?); Ova-trapped in tissues-granuloma.

    Ectopic flukes: CNS, skin etc. Disease in schisto-immunopathology.

    Schistosomule: Coat of host proteins-evade immune response.

    Glomerulonephritis immune complexes. Chronic schisto-obstructive uropathy and

    hydronephrosis. Tissue response predispose to malignant change eg. squamous cell

    Ca.
    SYMPTOMS: Prepatent/Incubation Acute Chronic

    Resistance and Immunity: Host-specificity of snails. Skin-test reactivity.

    Eosinophils-damage obstructive uropathy. Calicification of bladder. Late

    effects (eg. Ca of bladder), Ectopic ova.

    SNAIL HOST: Bulinus sp.

    S.MANSONI: Pseudopolyposis of colon, liver-pipe stem fibrosis (liver/spleen


    enlarged).

    SNAIL HOST: Biomphalaria sp. S. JAPONICUM: Like S. mansoni more severe


    because more ova. Snail host: Oncomelania sp. (amphibious)

    GENERAL: Ectopic worms, Salmonella, kidney in schisto.

    IMMUNITY: Concomitant immunity, antigenic disguise, CMI to ova,

    Natural history.
    DIAGNOSIS: Urine (Nuclepore), stool, rectal biopsy, immunodiagnosis.

    TREATMENT: Praziquantel, metrifonate, oxamniquine

    PREVENTION AND CONTROL: Reduce water contamination, chemotherapy,

    snail control, reduce water contact.

    schistosomula by ADCMI. Partial functional immunity-concomitant immunity.

    SCHISTOSOMA Sp.

    Species: S. HAEMATOBIUM, S. MANSONI, S. JAPONICUM. Others.

    GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:

    IMPORTANCE: 75 countries, 500-600 million exposed, 200 million infected, Mortality 1%.

    MORPHOLOGY: Separate sexes, gynaecophoric canal, tegument

    (smooth or tuberculated), intestine, number of testes, length of uterus, ova

    characteristic of species.
    LIFE CYCLE: Ova in urine and faeces, miracidia, snail host, bifurcated

    cercariae, penetrate unbroken skin, schistosomulae, circulation, R heart,

    Lungs, pulmonary capillaries,

    systemic circulation-portal circulation-into liver/feed and grow. Migrate to pelvic

    and vesical veins (S. haematobium); Inferior mesentric and adjacent to lower colon

    (S. mansoni), superior mesentric and also inf. mesentric, (S. japonicum).

    PREPATENT PERIOD: Time between infection and egg passage-3 m.

    INCUBATION PERIOD: Time between infection and symptoms (1-3 weeks)


    longer.
    PATHOGENICITY: Depends on age, previous exposure, worm burden.

    Ova in tissue, ectopic ova.

    Invasive stage: Cercarial dermatitis

    Migration: Acute, toxaemia

    Established: Rentention of ova-chief pathology

    SPECIFIC FEATURES

    S. HAEMATOBIUM: Bladder,

    terminal haematuria,

    dysuria,

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