A. Cervical cyst opening at the side of neck by way of fistula. B.

Localization of branchial cysts and fistulae in front

of sternocleidomastoid. 1, 2, and 3 = 2nd, 3rd and 4th pharyngeal clefts.

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 Arrangement of posttrematic and pretrematic nerves

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 Branchial cyst and fistula. A. Branchial (cervical) cyst opening into the pharynx at the level of palatine tonsil. B. Course
of branchial fistula

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 Cartilages of pharyngeal arches. A. Lateral view. B. Frontal view. Note that cartilages of fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches are
fused

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 Formation of pharyngeal arches

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 Migration of parathyroid and thymus glands. Note that the thyroid glands originate at
the level of foramen cecum and descend to the level of first tracheal ring

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 Nerves of pharyngeal arches

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 Pharyngeal arches

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 Primitive pharynx (as seen in coronal section). A. Before the formation of pharyngeal arches. B. After the
formation of pharyngeal arches

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 Structures derived from pharyngeal pouches and clefts and formation of cervical sinus. Note that the second arch grows over
the third and fourth arches, thus burying the second, third, and fourth pharyngeal clefts to form the cervical sinus.

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 Structures derived from various arch cartilages (frontal view).
Structures derived from first arch cartilage (red color), structures
derived from second arch cartilage (green color), structures
derived from third arch cartilage (blue color), and structures
derived from fourth and sixth arch cartilages (yellow color).

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 Structures derived from various arch cartilages (side view). From first arch
cartilage (red color), from second arch cartilage (green color), from third
arch cartilage (blue color), from fourth and sixth arch cartilages (yellow
color). S = spine of sphenoid.

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 Structures of pharyngeal arch

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 Treacher Collins’ syndrome. This figure was published in Publication
Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation: Genetic, Embryologic and
Clinical Aspects, 3rd edition by David W. Smith, ISBN: 9780721683812,
page 185, Copyright Elsevier, 1982.

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