REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
NEGROS ISLAND REGION

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
FINDING ANSWERS THROUGH
DATA COLLECTION
 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

o Data Collection or Data Gathering

 define as the process of gathering and
measuring information and variables of
interest, in an established systematic
methods, that enables one to answer
stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
Quantitative Data Collection Methods
 relies on random sampling and data
collection instruments that fit diverse
experiences into predetermined response
categories.
 questionaires
 Interview
 Experiment
 Observation
 Strategies for Collecting Data
 Non-probability methods
 - convenience sampling ( haphazard) for instance, surveying
students or gathering volunteers, for instance using an
adverstisement in a magazine or on website inviting people to
complete a form or partiipate in the study.
 Probability methods
Simple Random - each subject has equal chance of being selected

Stratified random sample - first identify population interest then divide this population
into strata or group

Cluster sample - cluster subjects is taken from population of interest

Systematic sampling - individual are choosen at regular intervals from the sampling
frame

Multi-Stage sampling - - procedures is carried out in phases and usuasllly involved

more than once sampling method. ( often case in community -based studies)
Methods of Data Processing
 Data Processing
-dealing with editing, coding,
classifying, tabulating and presenting data
through chart and diagram.
- it is a series of actions or steps
performed on data to verify, organize,
transform, integrate and extract data in
an appropriate output form for
subsequent use.
Steps in Data Processing

1.Classification or Categorization
-is the process of grouping the statistical
data under various understandable
homogenous group for the purpose of
convenient interpretation.

2. Coding of Data
- is more useful with research instrument
of open-ended questions.
3. Tabulation Method
- is the process of summarizing raw
data and displaying it in compact form
for further analysis.

4. Data Diagrams
- are charts and graphs used to
present data.
 WRITING CHAPTER 4
o Label section headings based on research
questions and follow their sequence

o If needed, RECAST rather than repeat earlier

statements.

o Include:
a. tables, graphs, figures for quantitative study
b. statistical results of hypotheses tested
c. possible explanations of unexpected results
d. implications of results to existing situation
 TABLES AND FIGURES
o Quantitative data are organized &
summarized in tables and figures.
o Information shown in tables and
figures is reiterated in the text.
o Present results of hypothesis test
in tables using statistical format,
e.g., t value and level of
significance (p-value).
 RESULTS OF TESTS OF
HYPOTHESES
Enrich & support
quantitative analysis w/
qualitative data analysis
using selected
quotes/utterances &
observed behavior of
subjects.
DepEd National Training of Trainers VTalisayon
 COMMONLY USED STATISTICAL TOOLS
o The arithmetic mean “AVERAGE”
o Frequency Distribution
o Pie Chart
o Bar Chart
o Standard Deviation
o T-Test or Z-Test (difference of means)
o Pearson (r) Correlation (correlation between at
least to continuous variables)
o Chi-square Test (involve categorical data) –
(1) comparing frequency count between expected & unexpected.
(2) test for independence of two variables.
RESULTS OF RELATED STUDIES

o Compare results of present study

with related studies, as follows:
This result
is consistent with or similar to
that of… (related study)
contradicts/opposes that of…
(related study)
 POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
o Are much needed especially when
results are not those expected by
researcher.

o Cite all things that happened that may

have affected findings.

o Look at limitations of the study, e.g., in

sampling, instrumentation, intervention,
and data collection.
 POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
Conduct of research not implemented
as planned was dosage of intervention
sufficient?
o duration of experiment
o novelty effect; ceiling effect
o contamination of comparison
group
 POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
o Characteristics of sample
o Instruments’ validity & reliability
o Test administration
o Problems, deviations from planned
procedure
o Resistance of sample to intervention
o Implications
o State 1-2 implications of findings
o to current situation
RE-CONCEPTUALIZED FRAMEWORK
FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
o If some or all findings are different from
expected, have a section on re-
conceptualized framework at end of
Chapter 4 and make diagram of re-
conceptualized framework.

o Starting with text, cite figure (diagram)

of re-conceptualized framework. Explain
changes vis-à-vis Conceptual
Framework of the Study.
DepEd National Training of Trainers VTalisayon
 WORKSHOP 2B: MAKE SENSE OF DATA

1. Groups process consolidated data for

assigned research question.

2. Processed data are presented in tables or

graphs, (if appropriate).

3. Groups write analysis &

interpretation of processed data.

4. Groups present Chapter 4 for

group decision making.
 STAY
HAPPY !
