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 DATA MODELS 2

INTRODUCTION
• A Data Model is a set of concepts that can be used
to describe the structure of data in a database.
• A database model shows the logical structure of a
database, including the relationships and constraints
that determine how data can be stored and
accessed.
• Data Models are used to support the development of
information systems by providing the definition and
format of data to be involved in future systems.
• Data model also gives idea about possible
alternatives
to achieve targeted solution.

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Hierarchical Model

TYPES OF DATA Network Model

MODELS

Relational Model

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HIERARCHICAL MODEL

• This model is developed by IBM and North American

Rockwell Known as Information Management System.
• This is the oldest and simplest DBMS model.
• The model is sorted hierarchical ,either in top down or
bottom up approach of designing.
• This model uses pointers to navigate between stored
data.
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 EXAMPLE OF 5

HIERARCHICAL MODEL

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BUSINESS RULE

• One parent node can have many child

nodes ,but one child cannot have more than one
parent.
• Relationship is one to many.

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 ADVANTAGES OF
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HIERARCHICAL MODEL

Conceptual simplicity Database Security

Relationship between various level is Security is given by DBMS system
logically very simple. Hence database itself.
structure becomes easier to view.

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• Simple creation ,Updation and Access

• This model is simple to construct with help of pointers .
• Easy to understand .
• Easy to delete and add records in the database using pointers .
• This is faster and easy data retrival through higher level records in tree
structure.

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• Database Integrity
• There is parent child association
between different levels of records in
files.
• Child record is attached with the parent
record which maintains the integrity

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• Efficiency
• This model having good performance when database
contains large amount of data in which one record has
many related records like a class contains many students
studying in it.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF
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HIERARCHICAL MODEL

Complex Implementation Difficult to manage

Programmers and designers need to Any change in a location of data needs
have knowledge of physical data storage change in all application programs that
which may be complex. accesses changes data.
Data access is restricted by pointer path.

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• Limitations in implementation
• It is difficult to implement many to many
relationship.
• Query optimization is not possible or
possible up to certain extent.

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 NETWORK 13

MODEL
• This model is similar to Hierarchical
model, this model also uses pointers
toward data but there is no need of
parent to child association .
• It uses graph data structure.
• A child can have more than one
parent.
• It has one to many or many to many
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• A relationship between any two record types is called as a

set.
• Data in network model are represented by collection
of records and relationships among data are
represented by links, which can be viewed as pointers.
• The records in the database are organized as
collection of arbitrary groups.

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EXAMPLE OF NETWORK 15

MODEL

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 ADVANTAGES OF 16

NETWORK MODEL

Simple design Ability to handle many types of

The network model is simple and easy to
design and understand.
relationship
The network model can handle the one to
many or many to many or other
relationships.
Hence network model manages multiuser
environment.

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Ease of • In a network model, an application can access a

root(parent) record and all the member records
data within a SET (child).
• Provide very efficient and high speed

access • retrieval.

Data •
•
In a network model, no member can exist
without a parent entity.

Integrity
• A user must first define the root record and
• then the child record.

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• Data Independence
• In network model, application
programs work independently of the
data.
• Any changes made in the data do not
affect the application programs.
• In a network model ,administrators
offer data creation by DDL and DML.

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DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK MODEL

System Complexity Lack of structural independence

In a network model ,data are accessed one record
at a time.
This can increase the complexity of system for
accessing multiple records at a time.
Any changes made to the database structure
require the application programs to be modified
before it can access data.
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 RELATIONAL MODEL
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• The Relational Model is first proposed by E.F

Codd.
• This model uses collection of tables to represent relationships
amongst the data.
• In this model ,each database item is viewed as a record with
attributes. A set of records with similar attributes is called a
TABLE. Each table contains a record of a particular type.
• The database uses Relational model called as
RDBMS .
• A Relational database is a collection of 2-D tables
which consist of rows and columns.

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• Relational model is the most popular model and the

most extensively used model.
• In this model the data can be stored in the “tables” and this
storing is called as “relation”, the relations can be normalized
and the normalized relation values are called atomic values.
• Each row in a relation contains unique value and it is called as
“tuple”, each column contains value from same domain and it
is called as “attribute”.
• Most of the popular commercial DBMS products like Oracle,
Sybase , MySQL, are based on relational model.

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• A particular attribute or combination of attributes is chosen as a

primary key that can be referred to in other tables, when it’s
called a foreign key.
• The model also accounts for the types of relationships between
those tables, including one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-
many relationships.
• Within the database, tables can be normalized that make the
database flexible, adaptable, and scalable. When normalized, each
piece of data is atomic, or broken into the smallest useful pieces.

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EXAMPLE OF RELATIONAL MODEL

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ADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL MODEL

1. Relational Algebra

• A relational database supports relational

algebra and also relational operations of the
set theory like union ,
intersection ,difference , cartisen product ,
relational database also support select ,
project , join and division operations.
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• Dynamic Views
• In a RDBMS , a view is not a part of the physical schema , it is
always dynamic.
• Structured query language (SQL)
• For data access in RDBMS we have query language SQL .Most of the
database vendors support the SQL standards.

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4. Excellent data security

• Relational databases support the concept of
user rights, every user is assigned with some
database permission called as user rights.
• Relational databases are scalable and provide
good support for the implementation of
distributed systems and other advanced
database systems.

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