Management of occupational

safety and health in industry

Prof. Dr. Khan Gul Jadoon

Department of Chemical Engineering

NWFP University of Engineering and Technology

09/07/23 1
 Importance of occupational Safety and
health
o About 250 million accidents are reported worldwide
annually

o In addition to this millions of cases of occupational disease

are registered every year.

o Occupational injuries and disease consume 4% of the World

GDP

o In UK only, about 20,000 major injuries are recorded and

the number of minor injuries goes up to 200, 000.

o The Situations in Developing countries are much poor than

industrialized countries.
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Occupational Environment

Sum total of the Environmental

factors in which a worker has to
work in a workplace. The factors
may be physical, chemical, or
biological.

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 Occupational hazard

Hazard
Hazard presented by a substance is its
potential to cause harm. Hazard is
associated with degrees of danger, and
is quantifiable
Occupational hazard

Conditions in a work environment that

have adverse effect on health and safety of
workers exposed.

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Types of hazards

Physical

Psychological Hazards Biological

Chemical

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Physical Hazards
Noise
Temperature
Light
Vibration
Repetitive strain
Radiations

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Chemical Hazards

Toxic
Corrosive
Irritant
Carcinogenic
explosive

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Biological Hazards
Bacteria
Viruses
Infectious waste

Psychological hazards
Stress

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Outcomes of exposures to occupational Hazards

Injuries
Simple lost-time to fatal

occupational diseases
May effect any part of body including

Hearing loss (occupational Deafness)

Skin problems (Eczema/Dermatitis)
Respiratory diseases (pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, etc. )
Occupational cancers

Misery to victims and their dependents

Economic cost to nation

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The Cost of occupational accidents and
diseases

09/07/23 10
 The Cost of occupational accidents and diseases

Reasons to know the cost

1. To know the total financial loss to an enterprise

2. To compare financial impact of cost of these accidents to that
spent on efforts to improve safety
3. On the basis of cost comparison to convince managements to
spend on safety

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 The Cost of occupational accidents and diseases

Social, political and economic criteria

Social:
There is pressure from the community for additional measures to make
workplaces safe for workers in order to reduce social disturbances

Political and economic criteria

This aspect represented by the government priorities set for different
economic activities. In developing countries, these priorities used to
change with circumstances and some times adversely effecting some
important aspect of economy.

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 The Cost of occupational accidents and diseases

Categories of expenditure:

Important categories include:

1. Cost of prevention
2. Cost of treatment
3. Cost of rehabilitation
4. Cost of compensation

The relationship between the first and the other three factors is
inversely proportional. As the cost of prevention increases, the
other costs drop proportionally

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 The Cost of occupational accidents and diseases

Cost components:
Fixed Cost
As a worker:
1. Contribution to occupational injury insurance (part of social security
programme)
2. Partial contribution to sickness and invalidity insurance (to receive
benefits)
As a Taxpayer:
To pay taxes to the state to meet essential expenditure

As a consumer:
to absorb the price increases caused due to occupational injuries for the
producers of the products he buys.

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 The Cost of occupational accidents and diseases

Variable Costs:
1. Expenses on medical treatment
2. Materials damages
3. Immediate and subsequent loss of wages

 It is impossible to an establish an objective cost for each

worker, therefore, there are as many individual costs as
workers. We can determine overall cost for workers as a
whole.
 To calculate overall cost, injuries can be categorized (by
nature and severity) and determining average cost for each
category.

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 The Cost of occupational accidents and
diseases

Direct and indirect

Costs:

Heinrich developed an
Direct
Iceberg concept of Costs: cost

Direct costs represent

visible part of the
iceberg, while indirect
cost show the submerged indirect cost

part of the iceberg.

09/07/23 16
 Accident
Definition:

1. An undesired and unexpected disturbance of the normal

completion of the work process, which is generally brought
about by the combination of internal or external factors of a
technical, physical, or social nature and which leads to
injuries (Neuloh, et. al, 1957).

2. An unplanned, not necessarily injurious or damaging event

that interrupts the completion of an activity and is invariably
preceded by an unsafe act and/or an unsafe condition or
some combination of unsafe acts and/or unsafe conditions
(Tarrants 1980).

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 Accident

3. An unplanned and uncontrolled event that is not

necessarily injurious or damaging to an individual,
property, or to an operation. Any unplanned event that
interrupts or interferes with the orderly progress of a
production activity or process (Confer & Confer, 1994).

4. An accident is an undesired event that causes damage or

injury. An incident is an undesired event that might have
caused damage or injury (Harms-Ringdahl, 1993).

5. That class of events which involves a low level of

expectedness, avoidability and intention (Suchmann 1961).

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Accident
Generic definition:
As a generic definition, an accident may be
defined as: an unplanned event that has the
potential to cause adverse consequences.

Potential
ACCIDENT
Adverse

consequences

09/07/23 safety-lines1998 19
Occupational Safety
Safety concerns:
Prevention of injuries to workers in
workplaces
Prevention of injuries to general public
Prevention of diseases in workplaces
Prevention of damages to property
Prevention of any thing else which may
adverse effect on employees or organization

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 Accident
Accident causation theories and Models

Single Domino theory

1. A sequence of events happen in fixed series to cause
the final event (Heinrich, 1931))
Updated Domino theory (Birds and Loftus, 1976)
Accident Models:
Houston Model (1977)
Three input factors: 1. Target 2. driving force
3. trigger

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 Accident
The Houston Model:

Target
Contact Process
Driving force
Injury or
Trigger damage to
target

Preventive Adoptive
action reaction
The development of the accident is determined by:
1. The probability of occurring of all input factors
2. The efficiency of the driving force to reach the target
3. Ratio of damage done to the target under the actual conditions to
standard conditions
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 Accident
The Advisory committee on the Safety of Nuclear
Infrastructures (ACSNI) Model
personal
Organizational

system
Environment

machine Man

09/07/23 23
Accident
The ACSNI Model provides a general framework
to be used for identifying latent failures that could
lead to serious errors.

The Bellamy and Geyer Model:

This model include the consideration of socio-
technical background to accident causation.

09/07/23 24
Accident

Impact

Mitigation

Accidental release

Engg. reliability

Operator reliability

Communication, information
and feedback control

Organization and
Management

System climate
09/07/23 25
Managing occupational Safety and health
Important elements:

 Legislation
 Implementation of legislation
 Investigation of accidents
 Identification and prevention of hazards.
 Training
 Safety organization
 Monitoring and auditing

09/07/23 26
Legislation
In Pakistan, the following important legislations are
relevant to occupational health and Safety:

• Factories Act, 1934

• Hazardous occupations Rules, 1963
• Mines Act, 1923
• Employees Social Security Act, 1965
• Workmen’s compensation Act, 1923
• Environmental Protection Act and Rules, Regulations made
under this Act.

Implementation of Legislation

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 Accidents Investigation

Objectives:

1. Reduce danger to employees and susceptible public

2. Prevent company resource losses
3. Prevent further mishaps
4. Respond to management needs
5. Prevent loss of trained personnel
6. Develop costing information

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 Accidents investigation

Objectives…….

7. Improve operating efficiency

8. Provide answers to address anticipated problems
9. Define operating errors
10. Define management errors
11. Satisfy company rules
12. Provide protection against litigation
13. Satisfy insurance requirements
14. Improve company product

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Accidents investigation
Objectives….

15.Educate supervisors
16.Identify violations of company procedures
17.Satisfy regulatory requirements
18.Educate management and staff
19.Help in research
20.Isolate design related deficiencies

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 Accidents investigation
The need for Investigation

Factors:
1. Loss of precious lives every year
2. Work related injuries to a large number of
workers
3. Loss of billions of dollars in the form of damaged
equip

Little can be done without knowing the causes of

Mishaps.

Accidents investigation helps in knowing these

causes.
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Accidents investigation
What to investigate?

Different countries have different approaches to

accident investigation, e.g. in many countries
including Pakistan, accidents are investigated when a
major mishaps happens involving at least serious
injury. In some countries, investigation is based on
the value of loss involve irrespective of the injury
involved.
In few countries, incidents and near misses (close
shaves) are investigated.

09/07/23 32
Accidents investigation
Correct approach:
approach
If potential for significant loss is present then
there should be an investigation. Minor
incidents must be investigated with the same
spirit as the major mishaps. It is much easier to
investigate a minor event than a mishap
involving injury.

Information gathered by investigating minor

incidents can be used to avert major mishaps in
future.

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Accidents investigation
Who should investigate?

Supervisors, Foreman, line manager, safety

professional, staff manager, a special
Committee

09/07/23 34
Accidents investigation
Investigator training

The investigator must be provided enough

knowledge to investigate incidents and
mishaps. Investigating near misses and
incidence would provide an investigator
experience to investigate major incidents in
future.

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Accidents investigation
Investigation Kit

Camera and film Clipboard, paper, and

pencil
Copy of regulations magnifying glass
Report forms Gloves
High visibility tapes First aid kits
Cassette recorder and Scotch tape & compass
Cassettes

09/07/23 36
 Accidents investigation

Priorities

 Save lives and prevent further loss

 Arrive safely, Avoid hurry, care for your own safety
and safety of others
 Observe the overall picture at mishap site.
 Care for the injured
 Protect others from injury and protect further
damage

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Accidents investigation
Procedure

Preserve evidence
Protect the mishap site
Secure the evidence
Take proper notes

09/07/23 38
Accidents investigation

Witnesses

People:
beside eye witnesses, maintenance
persons, doctors, supervisors, engineers,
friends, relatives or any one with relevant
information.

09/07/23 39
Accidents investigation

Parts:
Machinery, communication system
failure, Inadequate support equipment,
other Physical evidences.

09/07/23 40
Accidents investigation

Records:

Relevant records, publications, Tapes,

Directives, Drawings, reports&
Recordings Computer software, etc.

09/07/23 41
Accidents investigation
Interviewing witnesses

Promptness in interviewing witnesses

Reliability
Locating witnesses
Interviewing the witnesses

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Accidents investigation
Interviewing Techniques

1. Have questions ready to ask

2. Make clear the purpose of investigation to the
witness
3. Get essential information and records
4. First ask the witness to narrate the story
5. Use models and sketches to help the witnesses.

09/07/23 43
Accidents investigation
6. Record the statement with the help of a
cassette recorder
7. Let the witness to tell the facts in his own way.
8. Be friendly with the witness
9. Do not ask questions to which witness show
reluctance to answer.

09/07/23 44
Accidents investigation
Human Aspects of investigation:
Importance

 Human error is almost involved in every mishap

 Errors may be on part of management, supervision,

training, workers themselves.

 Investigating human behavior must be different than
those methods used to investigate hardware

09/07/23 45
Accidents investigation

7. Boredom
8. Self-destructive action
9. Peer-destructive actions
10. Superiority
11. Inferiority

09/07/23 46
Accidents investigationn

Errors
Classes

Errors of commission
Errors of omission
Sequential Errors
Time errors

09/07/23 47
Accidents investigation
Another Common classification:

Errors of judgment
Poor techniques
Disobedience
Carelessness
Negligence

09/07/23 48
Accidents investigation
Contributory Factors:

 Lack of experience
 Inadequate training
 Physical conditions
 Physical defects
 Psychological conditions

09/07/23 49
Accidents investigation
Unsafe Acts:

Attitude: worker’s attitude leads to unsafe acts,

example of poor attitude include
Poor work habits
1. Indifference
2. Daring
3. Laziness
4. Haste
5. Temper
6. perfectionism

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 TRAINING

Topics of discussion

 Nature of training
 Objectives to be accomplished
 Organizational considerations in training
 The learning process and learning principles
 Training methods
 Training programmes

09/07/23 51
 TRAINING
Definition:
1. An organized, systematic series of attitudes designed
to enhance an individual’s work-related knowledge,
skills, and understanding and/or motivation.
2. The organized procedure by which people learn
knowledge and/or skills for a definite purpose.
3. It is human process by which skills, knowledge,
habits and attitudes are acquired and utilized in
such a way that behavior is modified

09/07/23 52
 TRAINING
Objective:
To achieve a change in the behavior of those trained.
Benefits:
 Reduced learning time to reach acceptable
performance
 Improved performance on present job
 Attitude formation
 Aid in solving operational problems
 Fill manpower needs
 Benefits to employees themselves
09/07/23 53
 Training
Benefits
 Reduced accidents, personal harm, and property damage
 Increase awareness about safety
 Decrease downtime and delays
 Improve morale and motivation
 Reduce errors
 Improve productivity, and performance

09/07/23 54
 TRAINING
Who need training:
New employees
Orientation to the policies, practices and ways of their
specific employing organization.

Front line supervisors

Managers and professional staff

Existing Employees
On-the-job training
When a person starts new job
Refresher training
09/07/23 55
 TRAINING
DISCOVERING TRAINING NEEDS
Identify organizational and production problems
o Low productivity
o High costs
o Poor material control
o Poor quality, excessive scrap and waste
o Excessive labour-management strife
o Excessive grievances
o Excessive violation of rules
o High employee turnover
o Excessive absenteeism
o Delayed production.

09/07/23 56
 TRAINING
Orientation Training covers:

 General safety
 Health and environmental issues
 Awareness about hazards, rules and regulations
 Knowledge about personal protective equipment
 Emergency procedures.
 Work schedules and performance procedures
 Specific policies of the company
 House keeping and personal hygiene

09/07/23 57
 TRAINING
Specific Training

 Task procedures
 Damage control
 Emergency preparedness
 Fire control
 First-aid
 Inspection
 Materials handling and storage

09/07/23 58
 TRAINING
ORGANIZATION FOR TRAINING

Small companies: personnel manager is mainly responsible for

coordination of training. Normally no separate training section within
the personnel department.
Larger Companies: Have separate section within personnel department
Functions:
1. Determination of training needs
2. Development of overall plans
3. Development of training programmes in consultation with line
executives.
4. Collection and preparation of training materials
5. Training of trainers
6. Evaluation of effectiveness of training.
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 TRAINING
Training Design
(Factors to consider)

Analyze Jobs and employees

a. Job analysis
b. Employee appraisal
c. Testing

Collect employees and managerial opinions

Interviews and questionnaires about perceived problems
and deficiencies indicating desirable training programms.

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 TRAINING
Anticipate immediate and future problems
a. Expansion of business
b. new products, new services
c. New design
d. New plants
e. New technology
f. Organizational change
g. Human resource inventory-compare present human
resource with forecasted needs.

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 TRAINING
LEARNING PROCESS:

PRINCIPLES:
Motivation
Knowledge of results
Learning by doing
Desirable theory
Learning concepts and attitudes

09/07/23 62
 TRAINING

Principles of learning
 People learn best when they are ready to learn
 People learn more easily when learning relates what
they already know
 People learn best in step-by-step method
 People learn by doing
 Repetition of learning helps in better understanding
 Success in learning stimulate additional learning
 People need immediate and continual feedback to know if
they have learned

09/07/23 63
 TRAINING
Four-step Teaching
1. Preparation
2. Presentation
3. Application
4. Evaluation

09/07/23 64
TRAINING
Preparing instructions
Planning the instruction
Preparing the facility
Preparing the learners

Lessons planning
Title and number
Statement of purpose
Learning objectives
Training aids list
Instructional approach
Applications assignments
Evaluation methodology

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 TRAINING
Presenting instruction
Percentage learners retain from instructions they receive:

10 percent of what is read

20 percent of what they heard
30 percent of what is seen
50 percent of what is seen and heard
70 percent what is seen and spoken
90 percent of what is said while doing what is talked
about

09/07/23 66
 TRAINING

Instructions methods
•The lecture/discussion method
•The demonstration method
•Conference method
Other simulation methods:
Simulation
Video taps
Programmed instructions
09/07/23 67
 TRAINING

Lecture/discussion method
Opening
Body
Closing

Essentials;
•Classroom space and arrangements
•Be enthusiastic
•Personal contact with students
•Make students feel that they are part of the lecture/discussion
•Speak clearly, and slowly enough to be understand.

09/07/23 68
 TRAINING
The demonstration method:
• Purpose of demonstration
• Gather all necessary equipment and
instructional aids
• Arrange all material to be used in
demonstration
• Practice the demonstration several times
before giving it

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 TRAINING
Training outcomes
Effectiveness of a training programme can be measured through a
an audit focused at the following outcomes:

 Reduced frequency of all types of accidents, equipment loss

 Improved performance
 A stable and motivated workforce
 Reduced compensation claims
 Reduced absenteeism
 Improved production
 Improved quality of product
 Reduced downtime
 Favorable safety culture

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What is next……..

09/07/23 71
Principles to follow
Occupational injuries and diseases are caused due to unsafe acts
or unsafe conditions The aim of safety management is to
eliminate unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.

Important principles:
► Safety should be as important function of an
organization as other functions like production,
marketing, finance, etc.
Important attributes:
 top management commitment,
 presence of written safety policy,
 setting safety objectives,
 monitoring for achieving desired results.

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Principles to follow:

► Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions can

be identified in advance and corrected
action can be initiated
1. Dangerous chemicals can be labeled to avoid
unintentional contact.
2. Warning signs

► Perfect coordination among different

segments of safety management system.
No weak link among the whole safety chain

► Participation of employees is key to

improve safety and health conditions.

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Principles to follow

► Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions are

responsible for accidents
It is management responsibility to control over both.

► Accidents are caused due to multiple causes

Root cause and several contributory factors

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Safety Culture
Safety culture

“ the product of individual and group values,

attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and pattern of
behaviour that determine the commitment to, and
style and efficiency of, an organization's health and
safety management”
Source: Health and Safety Commission, UK

Collective norms, beliefs, attitudes, roles

and practices about improving safety and
preventing injuries and harm to every
body in an organization.

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 Safety culture

For a positive safety culture, we must need:

1.Top management commitment

2.Open lines of communication from top to bottom
3.Encouraging employees to show active participation
4.Introduction of rewards system for outstanding
performance
5.Priority should be given to safety
6.Changing beliefs about causation of accidents
7.True spirit to implement safety related rules and
regulations
8.Safety training for every one

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 Our Responsibilities….
as Health and safety managers
 Most important member of health and safety team
 The manager has complex and diverse job nature
 Duties range from hazard analysis to accident reporting to
record keeping.
 He is responsible to maintain safe and healthy workplace
 environment.
 He has authority to recommend action to discipline the
 employees
 Coordinate the activities of all members of the company’s
safety programme
 Conduct accident investigations as necessary
 Ensure compliance with all company’s laws .

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Further Reading

Geotsch, D.L., 1955. Occupational Safety and health in the age of high
Technologies, Engineers, and Managers, Printice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey.

Jain, S. O., 2006. Industrial Safety, health and Environment Systems. Khana
Publishers, Delhi, 110006.

Frick, Kaj, et al., (Editors) 2000. Systematic Occupational Health and Safety
management. Pergomon, Amesterdam, New York, Oxford, Shanon, Singapore-
Tokyo.

Tina Mol, 2003. Productive Safety management. Butterworth-Heinemann,

Amesterdam, Boston, London, New York, Oxford, Singapore, Tokyo.

Karmis Michael (Editor) 2001. Mine Health and Safety Management. Society
for Mining, Metallurgy, Exploration, Inc.

Thygerson, A. L., 1986. Safety. Printice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

09/07/23 78
Useful Links
1.International Labor office, Geneva.

2.World Health Organization (WHO).

3.National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),

USA

4.Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK

5.Health and Safety Commission (UK)

6.National Safety Council (NSC), USA

7.Centre for Diseases Control (CDC), USA

8.Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), USA

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