Lectures of Week#1

EE-309 Electrical Machines-II
Engr. Muhammad Shahzad

MS (EE), PhD (In Progress)
Electrical Engineering
Department
HITEC University Taxila
Contact Information
Office: #03 HITEC UNIVERSITY
muhammad.shahzad@hitecuni.edu.pk
EE-309
FUZZY LOGICELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
BASED PREDICTION ALGORITHM 1/33
EE-309 Electrical Machines-II
.
EE-309BASED
FUZZY LOGIC ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
PREDICTION ALGORITHM 2/33
EE-309 Electrical
. Machines-II
EE-309BASED
Topics to be Covered
.
 Introduction to machinery fundamentals, Transformer
principles and basics.
 Three phase circuits, Generation of three phase voltages
and currents, Wye and delta connections and Three
phase power.
 Introduction to three phase transformers and Three
phase transformer connections.
 Three phase transformations using two transformers,
Transformer Ratings and Instrument Transformers.
 AC machinery fundamentals, Voltage developed in a loop
and Torque developed in a current carrying loop.
 Rotating magnetic field, Induced voltage and torque in
AC machines, Power flows and losses.
EE-309BASED
.
 Synchronous generators, Construction, Principles of
operation and Equivalent circuits.
 Speed of rotation, Phasor diagram, Power and
torque, Measuring model parameters.
 Synchronous generator operating alone, Parallel
operation of AC generators and Synchronous
generator ratings.
 Synchronous motors: Equivalent circuits and steady
state operations.
 Torque speed characteristics, Power factor correction,
Starting of synchronous motor and Speed control.
EE-309BASED
.
 Induction motors: Production of rotating field and

torque, construction, synchronous speed and
slip.
 Equivalent circuit, Power and torque, losses and
efficiency.
 Torque speed characteristics and Speed control
of induction motor.
 Induction generators: Principles and operation.
 Single phase AC motors, Starting techniques
and comparison and course revision.
EE-309BASED
Recommended Books
.
 Electrical Machinery Fundamentals by Stephen J

Chapman (Text Book), 2012 5th Edition.
 A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L.

Theraja, 2005 Edition.
 Electric Machinery by Fitzgerald, Kingsley and

Umans, 2003 Edition.
 Electrical Machines by Hindmarsh, 1997 Edition.
EE-309BASED
Distribution of Marks
.
 Quizzes/ Assignments 20%
 Two Sessional Examinations 30%
 Final Examination 50%
EE-309BASED
Program Learning Outcomes
.
 PLO1: Engineering Knowledge:
• An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
 PLO2: Problem Analysis:

• An ability to identify, formulate, research literature and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
EE-309BASED
Course Learning Outcomes
.
CLO 1:
• Understanding the fundamental physical laws related to
electromagnetic circuits. (Cognitive, C2)
CLO 2:
• Detailed analysis of variable loading characteristics of
AC electrical machines. (Cognitive, C3)
CLO 3:
• Apply acquired knowledge to calculate the design
parameters of transformers, synchronous and induction
machines. (Cognitive, C4)
EE-309BASED
AC Machines
.  AC machines are generators that convert mechanical
energy to AC electrical energy and motors that convert AC
electrical energy to mechanical energy.
 Electrical machines also include transformer, which do not

actually make conversion between mechanical and electrical
form but they convert AC current from one voltage level to
another voltage level.
EE-309BASED
AC Machines
.
 There are two major classes of AC machines:
i. Synchronous machines and
ii. Induction machines
 Synchronous machines are motors and generators
whose magnetic field current is supplied by a separate DC
power source while
 Induction machines are motors and generators whose
field current is supplied by magnetic induction (transformer
action) into their field windings.
 The field circuits of most synchronous and induction
machines are located on their rotors.
EE-309BASED
Transformers and AC Motors in Daily Life
.
 AC Motors: AC motors have numerous applications. In our daily life,
they are used in the water pumps, kitchen appliances, fans, air
conditioners, high-precision drill machines, speed controllers and
common industrial machinery like boiler pumps and compressors etc.
 Electric Generators: Generators are necessary to supply the power

used by all these motors.
 Transformer: Step up transformers increases the voltage level from

primary to secondary but with the corresponding decrease in the
current. Whereas, step-down transformer decrease the voltage level
with the corresponding increase in the current so as to keep the power
constant.
EE-309BASED
AC Motors and Generators
.
 Why are AC motors and generators so common?
 Electric power is a clean and efficient energy source that is

easy to transmit over long distances and easy to control.
 An electric motor does not require constant ventilation and
fuel the way that an internal-combustion engine does, so
the motor is very well suited for use in environments where
the pollutants associated with combustion are not
desirable.
 Transformers aid this process by reducing the energy loss
between the point of electric power generation and the
point of its use.
EE-309BASED
Electrical Power System
.
EE-309BASED
The Magnetic Field
.
Four Basic Principles Related to Magnetic Fields
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the

area around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a
coil of wire if it passes through that coil. (This is the
basis of transformer action.)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic
field has a force induced on it. (This is the basis of
motor action.)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it. (This is the basis of generator
action.)
EE-309BASED
The Magnetic Field
. 1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
Production of a Magnetic Field 

 The basic law the production of a
 In free space;
magnetic governing field by a current is
Ampere's law. (= )
 Ampere Law states that for any closed  Intensity of magnetic field;
loop path, the sum of the length
elements times the magnetic field in the
direction of the length element is equal  Therefore;
to the permeability times the electric h=
current enclosed in the loop.
 In mathematically,
h=
 Therefore
H.
(called Ampere’s law)
EE-309BASED
The Magnetic Field
. Relationship between the magnetic field intensity ‘H’ and the resulting
magnetic flux density ‘B
• Magnetic Flux: It is a measurement of the
total magnetic field which passes through
a given area. It’s symbol is ‘’. Unit is weber
(Wb).
𝝋=𝑩. 𝑨=𝑩𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
• Magnetic Flux Density: It is the number
of magnetic lines of flux that pass through
a certain point on a surface. The SI unit is
T (tesla), which is weber per square-metre
(Wb/m2)
𝝋
𝑩=
𝑨
( = magnetic permeability of material )
EE-309BASED
The Magnetic Field
.  Permeability: The ability of substance to allow another substance to pass
through it.
 The permeability of free space is called and its value is
(= )
 Magnetic permeability: Magnetic permeability (μ) is the ability of a
magnetic material to support magnetic field development. In other words,
magnetic permeability is the constant in the proportionality between
magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity.
 The SI unit of magnetic permeability is Henry per meter.

 Relative permeability: The permeability of any other material compared to
the permeability of free space is called its relative permeability.
 Relative permeability is a convenient way to compare the magnetizability

of materials.
EE-309BASED
The Magnetic Field
. For example
 The steels used in modern machines have relative permeabilities of
2000 to 6000 or even more. This means that, for a given amount of
current, 2000 to 6000 times more flux is established in a piece of steel
than in a corresponding area of air. (The permeability of air is essentially
the same as the permeability of free space.)
 Obviously, the metals in a transformer or motor core play an extremely
important part in increasing and concentrating the magnetic flux in the
device.
 Also, because the permeability of iron is so much higher than that of air,
the great majority of the flux in an iron core remains inside the core
instead of traveling through the surrounding air, which has much lower
permeability.
 The small leakage flux that does leave the iron core is very important in
determining the flux linkages between coils and the self-inductances of
coils in transformers and motors.
EE-309BASED
Faraday’s Law- Induced Voltage From a Time-
Changing Magnetic Field
.
Overview
 As if current flows from the coil, the magnetic field

produced around the coil.
 If we take inverse phenomena i.e. can magnetic fields
flow the charges? Can nature allow us?
 As we know, nature loves symmetry i.e. if we start work
from one side to end then can comes from end to start.
 Charges cause the magnetic fields then magnetic fields
can cause the charges to flow.
 It is now time to examine the various ways in which an
existing magnetic field can affect its surroundings.
EE-309BASED
 The first major effect to be considered is called Faraday's
law. It is the basis of transformer operation.
Magnetic Galvanometer  Magnet did not touch the coil. All the
0A work done with out any contact. Work
Stationary without contact is called induction.
Move Towards Coil i Magnet done the induction i.e. move
the electron. That’s why called the
Move Back -i electromagnetic induction.
EE-204
FUZZY LOGICELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
 Faraday's law states that if a flux  If a coil has N turns and if
passes through a turn of a coil of the same flux passes
wire, a voltage will be induced in through all of them, then
the turn of wire that is directly the voltage induced
proportional to the rate of change across the whole coil is
in the flux with respect to time. In given by
equation form,
𝐝𝛗 𝒅𝝋
𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐝 =− 𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅 =− 𝑵
𝐝𝐭 𝒅𝒕
 Where is the voltage induced  The minus sign in the
in the turn of the coil and is equations is an
the flux passing through the expression of Lenz's law.
turn.
EE-204
Lenz's law
 Lenz's law based on law of

inertia.
 Law of Inertia: An object at rest
will stay at rest, forever, as long
as nothing pushes or pulls on it.
An object in motion will stay in
motion, traveling in a straight line,
forever, until something pushes or
pulls on it.
 Lenz's law: According to Lenz's
law the polarity of induced emf is
such which oppose the change in
magnetic flux.
EE-204
Lenz's law
Example Figure (a)

 If the flux shown in the Figure (a) is
increasing in strength, then the voltage
built up in the coil will tend to establish a
flux that will oppose the increase.
 A current flowing as shown in Figure (b)
would produce a flux opposing the
increase, so the voltage on the coil must
be built up with the polarity required to Figure (b)
drive that current through the external
circuit.
 Therefore, the voltage must be built up
with the polarity shown in the figure. It is
left out of Faraday's law in the remainder
of this book.
EE-204
Production of Induced Force on a Wire
 A second major effect of a

magnetic field on its
surroundings is that it induces a
force on a current carrying wire
within the field. The basic
concept involved is illustrated in
Figure.
 The figure shows a conductor
present in a uniform magnetic
field of flux density B, pointing
into the page. The conductor
itself is I meters long and
contains a current of i amperes.
EE-204
EE-204
 The force induced on the conductor is given by
𝑭 =𝒊(𝒍 × 𝑩)
 The direction of the force is given by the right-hand
rule. The magnitude of the force is given by the
equation
𝑭 =𝒊𝒍𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
 where is the angle between the wire and the flux
density vector.
EE-204
Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a
Magnetic Field
 There is a third major way in
which a magnetic field interacts
with its surroundings. If a wire with
the proper orientation moves
through a magnetic field, a voltage
is induced in it. This idea is shown
in Figure. The voltage induced in
the wire is given by
𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅 =( 𝒗 × 𝑩 ) . 𝒍
 The voltage in the wire
 Vector I points along the direction will be built up so that the
of the wire toward the end making positive end is in the
the smallest angle with respect to direction of the vector v
the vector v B. B.
EE-204
Magnetic Field
EE-204
Magnetic Field
EE-204
The Power Triangle
 Power Triangle: The real,  Where is the impedance

reactive, and apparent powers angle of the load.
supplied to a load are related by
the power triangle. A power
triangle is shown in Figure.
 Power Factor: The quantity cos
is usually known as the power
factor of a load. The power factor
is defined as the fraction of the 𝑷 𝑸
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽=
apparent power S that is actually 𝑺 𝑺
supplying real power to a load.
𝑸
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽=
𝐏𝐅=𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝑷
EE-204
H
I
T
I
V
R HITEC UNIVERSITY
31
S FUZZY EE-309BASED
LOGIC ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II

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EE-309 Electrical Machines-II

Engr. Muhammad Shahzad

 Induction motors: Production of rotating field and

 Electrical Machinery Fundamentals by Stephen J

 A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L.

 Electric Machinery by Fitzgerald, Kingsley and

 Electrical Machines by Hindmarsh, 1997 Edition.

 Quizzes/ Assignments 20%

 Two Sessional Examinations 30%

 Final Examination 50%

 PLO2: Problem Analysis:

 Electrical machines also include transformer, which do not

 Electric Generators: Generators are necessary to supply the power

 Transformer: Step up transformers increases the voltage level from

 Electric power is a clean and efficient energy source that is

1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the

Production of a Magnetic Field 

 The SI unit of magnetic permeability is Henry per meter.

 Relative permeability is a convenient way to compare the magnetizability

 As if current flows from the coil, the magnetic field

 Lenz's law based on law of

Example Figure (a)

 A second major effect of a

 The force induced on the conductor is given by

 Power Triangle: The real,  Where is the impedance

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