Before LET'S PLAY

S Twe
ART JUMBLED WORDS
J U M B L E W O RDS

ARPIIMTYLIA
T
J U M B L E W O RDS

ARPIIMTYLIA
T
ANSWER :
IMPARTIALITY
J U M B L E W O RDS

OAERSN
J U M B L E W O RDS

OAERSN

ANSWER :
REASON
J U M B L E W O RDS

TYILOMA
R
J U M B L E W O RDS

TYILOMA
R
ANSWER :
MORALITY
 J U M B L E W O RDS

R N EALTAV I E ST
 J U M B L E W O RDS

R N EALTAV I E ST

ANSWER :
ALTERNATIVES
J U M B L E W O RDS

IECNOID
S
J U M B L E W O RDS

IECNOID
S
ANSWER :
DECISION
 WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION :)

LESSON 5 : MINIMUM
REQUIREMENT FOR
MORALITY
O B J E C TIVE:

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to :

1.Explain the 2. Discuss the 3. Identify the steps in

minimum meaning of the making ethical
requirements for reason and decision .
morality. impartiality
 MORality

Principles concerning the distinction between

right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
 WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION! :)

Reason and
Impartiality
 REASON AND IMPARTIALITY

“Reason is the ability of the mind to think,

understand and to form judgment by a process of
logic. It is also the innate and exclusive human
ability that utilizes new or existing information as
bases to consciously make sense out of things while
applying logic.”
REASON AND IMPARTIALITY

“For most philosophers, reason serves as the grounding

principle of moral actions. Plato’s Classic Allegory of the
Cave exemplifies the person’s liberation from the world
of Senses to the World of Reason. The liberation from the
cave means that apart from the release from the bondage
of ignorance, the person encounters eternity. In this
encounter, the person takes a wider point of view.”
 REASON AND IMPARTIALITY

ALLEGORY OF
THE CAVE
REASON AND IMPARTIALITY

“Impartiality is the quality of being unbiased and objective in

creating moral decisions- underscoring that (morally)
impartial person makes moral decisions relative to the welfare
of the majority and not for specific people alone. Kant’s
Categorical Imperative is a corrective measure which weighs
and judges one’s actions as morally desirable or deplorable. It
stands as the impartial judge which ensures that one’s actions
are unfettered by one’s interests.”
REASON AND IMPARTIALITY

Fair Judgement
making ethical
decisions
 Making Ethical Decisions

“Scott Rae suggest the following procedure for making moral

decisions,
within this his work is not to get you to the right answer but to
help you ask the right questions in your ethical deliberation.
He stated that his model is free from cultural, ethnic, and
religious background biases – though it is consistent with the
bible and uses biblical principles, it is not distinctively
Christian model.”
 SCOTT
Born on February 24, RAE1954. Scott Rae's primary interests are
medical ethics and business ethics, dealing with the application
of Christian ethics to medicine and the marketplace. He has
authored 10 books in ethics including The Ethics of
Commercial Surrogate Motherhood; Moral Choices: An
Introduction to Ethics; Brave New Families: Biblical Ethics and
Reproductive Technologies; Beyond Integrity: A Judeo-
Christian Approach to Business Ethics; and Body and Soul:
Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics. His work has appeared
in The Linacre Quarterly, Religion and Liberty, Journal of
Markets and Morality, Southern California Journal of Law and
Women's Studies, National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, and
Ethics and Medicine.
 SEVEN STEP-
WISE MODEL OF
SCOTT RAE
(2009)
SEVEN STEP-WISE MODEL OF SCOTT RAE (2009)

1. “Gather the facts – The simplest

way of clarifying an ethical dilemma
is to make sure the facts are clear.”
SEVEN STEP-WISE MODEL OF SCOTT RAE (2009)

2. “Determine the ethical issues –

Ethical interest are stated in terms of
legitimate competing interest or good.
The competing interest are what creates
the dilemma.”
SEVEN STEP-WISE MODEL OF SCOTT RAE (2009)

3. “Determine what virtues/ principles

have bearing on the case – Identify the
virtues / principles that are central to
the competing position. Determine if
some should be given more weight than
others.”
SEVEN STEP-WISE MODEL OF SCOTT RAE (2009)

4. “List the alternatives – Creatively

determine possible course of action for your
dilemma. Some will almost immediately be
discarded but generally the more you list the
greater potential for coming up with the
really good one.”
SEVEN STEP-WISE MODEL OF SCOTT RAE (2009)

5. “Compare the alternatives with other

virtues/ principle – This steps eliminates
alternatives as they weighed by moral
principles which have a bearing on the
case. Potentially the issues will be resolved
here as all alternatives except one are
eliminated.”
SEVEN STEP-WISE MODEL OF SCOTT RAE (2009)

6. “Consider the consequences – If

principles have not yielded a clear decision
consider the consequences of your
alternatives. Take the alternatives and work
out the positive and negative consequences
of each.”
SEVEN STEP-WISE MODEL OF SCOTT RAE (2009)

7. “Make a decision – Ethical decisions

rarely have pain-free solution – it might be
you have to choose the solution with the
least number of problems/ painful
consequences.”
applying the model : a case
study
applying the model : a case study

This has been adapted from Rae's original. It is about

medical ethics.
• 67 year old Indian woman diagnosed with a form
of cancer which is usually treated by
chemotherapy.
• at admission she is fully competent and able to
make her own decisions
• she knows something is wrong with her and
appears fearful and anxious about what getting
well might involve.
applying the model : a case study

• she lives with her son

• the family appear happy
• the son has taken responsibility for her as her husband has
died
• the son translates for her with almost all information
needing translating
• the son dos not want her to know anything more than the
bare minimum about treatment as he fears she will give
up on life and resign herself to dying
• the son is strongly motivated by cultural and family values
applying the model : a case study

• The patient does not know her full diagnosis or

full effects of the chemotherapy
• she knows she is sick and treatment will make her feel sick
to her stomach as well as losing her hair

You are the doctor - what would you do?

Follow the family's wishes (based on their cullture)
Decide the patient needs to know what is happening - tell her
even if it increases her fear (and alienates you from the
family)
 1.Gather the facts - go
back over the
information given and
write down all the facts.
2. Determine Ethical Issue
- patient autonomy ,
including giving consent
for treatment versus what a
caring familly think is best
for the patient
 3. Determine what values/
principles have a bearing on
the case
- the right of the patient to
give informed consent
-chemotherapy is a very
invasive treatment.
 This is recognised by law, the person has a right to control
what happens to their body. Such dignity comes from being
made in the image of God.
-the obligation of the medical team to act in the patients
whenever they can - to act with compassion ( the family will
also claim to be acting in compassion )
-respect for the family's wishes and culture. Humility is the
virtue which says the doctors must realise not all they think is
best . How heavily do they respect family / cultural values?
 The family may think they are taking some of the burden for
their mother by making the decisions and not telling her
everything
- this caring is highly valued by them
- also the law regarding informed consent must be applied, and
nursing staffs obedience to doctors.
4. List the alternatives -attempt
to convince the family of the
seriousness of the treatment and
why she needs to know.
-call an ethics committee
conference to discuss the case
and try to convince the family
to tell her
 These two options should be discussed prior to any further
treatment.
-override the family's wishes and tell the patient of her
condition and the treatment.
-continue to follow the family's wishes, the son continue to
translate and she knows nothing more
-wait for the patient to ask questions about treatment and then
encourage her to ask very direct questions of her family and
doctor (another translator is required here)
-bring in another translator and ask the woman if she wants to
know the details of all that is happening
-likely to cause cultural offence to the son.
 5. - Compare the Alternatives
with the virtues / principles
-initially try to pursue all
possibilities of talking with the
family and the doctors trying to
get them to disclose the
information themselves
-If above is unsuccessful you can either with hold or disclose
information to the patient
-use another translator and tell the patient (or ask if she wants
to know full details of what is going on - this alternative
respects her autonomy)
-she can make it clear at this time she wants her son to make
decisions for her -this would satisfy most important
principles/virtues
-if she choose to know then it is her who is challenging the
culture, yet she retains her dignity and has full information
 -if nurses are unhappy with what is happening the most viable
option is probably for them to be requested to be removed from
the case.
 6. Consider the consequences
if you disclose the information
directly possible consequences
include :
 -family feel alienated , cultural values have been violated
-family may take patient to another hospital
-patient may "give up"
-patient might be happy they are finally being told the truth

if you continue withholding information possible consequences

include ;
-patient continue to be fearful and anxious about treatment
 -patient finds out somehow and trust is compromised
-family are happy cultural values are being respected

if you ask the patient if she wants to know through another

translator, possible consequences include ;
-family are unhappy at disrespect for their cultural values
-patient get to speak for herself and make own decisions
-she can choose to let her son continue makingthe decisions,
both law and culture are satisfied here
-patient will be relieved as she knows her wishes have been
respected.
 7. Make a Decisions
-we have had to think through our
ideas of respect for family and
culture
-how far shoul we go in respecting
this cultural approach, is the
patients best interest compromised,
is her dignity as an individual
respected?
 Rae suggests, "Here it seems the alternative that involves
asking the patient if she wants to know the details of her
situations satisfies most of virtues and values at stakes and
produces the best balance of consequences too."
T H E E N D :)

Thank You For

Listening!!
 MA.
TERESITA

Group 1
LOURDES
GUTIERREZ
DE LEON

Member CHRISTAL
DE DIOS
VERNICE
MERCADO

s: KHRISTINE
MIRANDA
PRINCESS
ARABELLA
PACIA

CHRIS
RACHELLE
ALEXA
RAZ
ALAG