BOOOK Catalogue

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

SUBMITTED by:
jelu GARINGGO

submitted to: Ms. Mona theresa salino

Table of contents

Lesson
1 The Central Limit

2 Theorem Illustrating T-Distribution

3 Identifying Percentiles Using T-Distribution

4
Identifying the Length of a Confidence Interval
5
Compute for the Length of the Confidence interval
6
7 Compute for the Appropriate Sample Size Using the Length of the Interval

Testing Hypothesis
Lesson 1: the central limit
theorem

Since it is based on a random sample, any estimator, including, is

a random variable. This indicates that has its own distribution,
known as the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

No matter how the original population distribution was shaped, if

random samples of size n are taken from a population with mean
and variance o/2, the sampling distribution of the mean will
converge to a normal distribution with mean and variance o2/n
and a standard deviation on.

U
Example
Male OSHS students' heights have a normal distribution, with a meanof 70 inches and a
standard deviation of 2 inches. What would the meaa nd standard deviation of the computed
sampling distribution of the means be if 90 samples of 30 students each were taken from the
population?
Lesson 2:
ILLUSTRATING
T- DISTRIBUTION
The Student t-distribution is a probability distribution for estimating the population parameter when the sample size (n)
is not targe enough (<30) and the population standard deviation is not given. It was in 1908 where William S. Gosset, an
Irish brewing employee formulated the t-distribution. He was into the research of new methods in manufacturing ale,
but because the company did not allow him to publish results, he published his findings using the pseudonym Student.
That is why the distribution is also known as the Student t-distribution. The concepts of degrees of freedom are used in
the t-distribution. The degrees of freedom denoted by df, is the number of independent observations that are +free to
vary after a sample statistic has been computed.
The figure above shows the common properties and differences of the distribution and the 1-distribution. Both
distributions are bell-shaped curved and symmetric to the center. The mean, median and mode also coincide at the
center. The total area of both distributions is equal to 1. But in a t-distribution, the end tails are thicker than that of the z-
distribution. Since the t-distribution depends on the degrees of freedom, the figure above shows that as the degrees of
freedom increase, the shape of the t-distribution will approach a normal distribution,
 The figure above shows the common properties and differences of the distribution and the t-distribution. Both
distributions are bell-shaped curved and symmetric to the center. The mean, median and mode also coincide at the
center. The total area of both distributions is equal to 1. But in a t-distribution, the end tails are thicker than that of the z-
distribution. Since the t-distribution depends on the degrees of freedom, the figure above shows that as the degrees of
freedom increase, the shape of the t-distribution will approach a normal distribution.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PROPERTIES OF T-DISTRIBUTION.

1. The t-distribution is bell-shaped, but the end tails are thicker than the standard normal distribution.
2. The t-distribution is symmetric about the mean 0.
3. The variance is always greater than 1. 4. The 1-distribution depends on the degree of freedom. 5. As the degree of
freedom increases, it approaches more and more like a standard normal distribution
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE CRITICAL VALUES
CONFIDENCE COEFFICIENT USING THE T-TABLE?

Note: To denote a t-value, it is convenient to write as off) So,

the value denoted by (0.05.20) means that = 0.05 and df 20
The following steps will be observed in identifying the critical value(s) for the t-distribution.

a) Determine the alpha error (a): a-1-confidence level (CL)

a) Identify which of the two tests must be used. Note: all statistical problems involving between two intervals (which
are both non-zero values), when asked for 1-values in a t-distribution, it is always twotailed. If the confidence level or
the alpha error is directional, it is one tailed.

a) Determine the degree of freedom. Note: the degree of freedom is equal to the number of samples (a)minus 1. Thus
df-1 a) The critical value is equal to the intersection of a and d
 Lesson 3:
Identifying Percentiles
Using T-Distribution.

How to find percentiles using the t-table?

For any set of measurements (arranged
in ascending or descending order), a
percentile is a measure of position that
divides the data set into 100 equal
parts.
In t-distribution, when solving percentile, the
following
considerations should be made: 1It is always one-
tailed. 2. When the t-score is positive, its percentile is
more than 50%Use P = 1
Example:

What percentile does the t = 2.681 with n = 13 represent?

Solution:

a = 0.01 (refer to the t-table for one-tailed below) Since the t-score is positive, its percentile is more than

50%.

So, P = 1 - alpha

P = 1 - 0.01 = 0.99

Percentile = P99
 LESSON 4 The confidence level (c) of an interval estimate is the
Identifying the Length of a probability that is within the interval estimate. The
value of the confidence level(c) is the result of
Confidence Interval subtracting the level of significance (a) from 1. The
level of significance (a)simply represents the
probability if lack of confidence. Say, for example,
To estimate a parameter based on a finite sample of you are 99% confident that you will get a grade of 95
data, there are two methods: point estimate and for the first quarter. So, the remaining 1% there is
confidence interval estimate. A point estimate is at your lack of confidence or the level of significance
single number that estimates the population (a). Thus, C-1-a where alpha is between 0 and 1 and
parameter. A confidence interval estimate is a range this represents the probability of confidence that the
of values within which the true parameter lies with true parameter value lies within the interval estimate.
high probability.
Example:

The committee of the Binibining Pilipinas is 99%

confident that the candidates for the search for Bb.
Pilipinas have a mean height of 175cm to 178cm.

a. What is the lower limit?

Answer: 175 cm

b. What is the upper limit?

Answer: 178 cm

c. How long is the interval?

Answer: U. L-L.L

178cm 175cm 3cm

 LESSON 5 In determining the interval estimate, the degree of
Compute for the Length of confidence (expressed in percentage) that the interval
the Confidence Interval contains the true parameter is made. The degree of
confidence is also known as the confidence level.
Smaller intervals are more informative than a larger
ones.
A point estimate is a single number that estimates the
population parameter.

Confidence Interval
A Confidence Interval estimate is a range of values
within which the true parameter lies with high
probability.
Computing the Length of Confidence Intervals

There are different formulas in computing the length of

confidence interval depending on the given situation.

1. If the confidence interval is given, then the length of an

interval can be determined using LI-U.L-LL

Where:

L.I = refers to the length of the interval

U. L. refers to the upper limit of the interval L. L = refers to

the lower limit of the interval
Example

The mean study time of the selected 50 Grade 12

learners is 3.2 hours with a standard deviation of 1.5.

Using a 95% confidence level, how long is the
interval of the sample mean?
 LESSON 6
Compute for the Appropriate Sample Size
Using the Length of the Interval

Sample size determination is about how large a

To solve for sample size n, we modify the equation
sample should be taken to make an accurate
by applying the properties of equality.
estimation. It is vital in conducting surveys &
researches. To attain the quality of the sample
needed, it is important to consider the confidence and
the narrowness of the interval. The formula in
determining the sample size is derived from the
formula of the margin of error (E) where:
So, the MINIMUM sample size n needed to estimate
the population mean μ is

where a is the level of significance, µ is the population standard deviation

and E is the margin of error.

Since the confidence interval widens as the confidence level increases,

the precision of the interval estimates decreases. The larger the sample
size, the better. And as the sample size increases, the margin of error
decreases. When the value of o is unknown, it can be estimated by a
standard deviation
Example 2: Given: length of the interval ( L .I)=0.8

c = 0.99

σ=5

n=
 LESSON 7
Testing Hypothesis
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method
applied in making decisions using
experimental data. Hypothesis testing is
basically testing an assumption that we make
about a population.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation,

assertion, or assumption about a population
parameter or about the distribution of a
random variable
Other concept