22.

1 Hydrocarbons >

Chapter 22
Hydrocarbon Compounds

22.1 Hydrocarbons p.

22.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

22.3 Isomers
22.4 Hydrocarbon Rings
22.5 Hydrocarbons from Earth’s Crust

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• TAHSILI PRACTICE
SLIDES

GRADE 12

CHEMISTRY

Week 2
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AL HAQBANAH
Organic and Inorganic compounds

https://www.footprints-
science.co.uk/index.p
hp?quiz=Fossil_fuels

What makes an organic compound different from an inorganic compound?

1.Presence of a chlorine atom
2.Presence of a sulfur atom
3.Presence of a carbon atom
4.Presence of a boron atom
 AL HAQBANAH

an organic compound containing hydrogen and

carbon atoms that are usually linked together in
chains via single, double or triple bonds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hev3JANtTLk
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22.1
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Carbon is group 14
Organic compound
Always form 4 covalent
All carbon containing bonds
compounds
In organic compounds ,
Except carbon oxide , carbon atoms are bonded to
hydrogen atom or nitrogen,
carbides, carbonates oxygen, sulfur , phosphorous
and the halogens
Group 17 occupies the second column from the right in the
periodic table and contains fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine
(Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts).
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Lab Demo Video: Investigate
Different Hydrocarbons

https://www.savvasrealize.com/content/viewer/st
andalone/loader/view/e9f73cf2-f6c1-36e8-b433-0
3483143fbf5/18?programId=7d4b8975-7a45-3b9
b-b04e-988c9053ec35
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Hydrocarbons that react with bromine are

unsaturated
Unsaturated can dissolve more solute
 Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

Properties of Hydrocarbons
The electron pair in a carbon-hydrogen or a carbon-carbon bond is shared almost equally
by the nuclei of the atoms forming the bond.

Thus, hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules.

The attractions between nonpolar molecules are weak van der Waals forces.
So, hydrocarbons with low molar masses tend to be gases or liquids that boil at a
low temperature.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPNkCgpTt3
A

POLAR AND NONPOLAR MOLECULE

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22.1 Hydrocarbons >

What types of compounds are included in

the study of organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry includes the chemistry of

almost all carbon compounds,

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 TAHSILI SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Analytical chemistry is the

chemistry discipline that studies
the chemical composition of
materials and develops the tools
used to examine chemical
compositions

CnH2n+2
CnH2n
CnH2n-2

Saturated single bond

Polymerization is the process in
Unsaturated
which double
the basic units/ of
triple bond
monomers
combine together to form long-chain
polymers. Monomers can be either
the same or different molecules.
Various types of polymers like PVC,
Bakelite, and Teflon can be produced
by different polymerization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP0zfm_FVqc
techniques.
• TAHSILI PRACTICE
SLIDES

GRADE 12

CHEMISTRY
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AL HAQBANAH
https://wordwall.net/resource/50353/hydrocarbons-m
atch-up
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covalent
22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

Alkanes

What are two possible arrangements of

carbon atoms in an alkane?

1. straight chain
2. chain that has branches

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The straight-chain alkanes are an example of a homologous
series.

A group of compounds forms a homologous series if there is a

constant increment of change in molecular structure from one
compound in the series to the next

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sfm3eHe57PU
22.1 Hydrocarbons > Interpret Graphs

Straight-Chain Alkanes

This graph Melting and Boiling Points

Of Straight-Chain Alkanes
illustrates how 200
the melting and
Temperature (C)
100
boiling points
vary with the 0
number of
–100
carbons in
straight-chain –200
0 2 4 6 8 10
alkanes. Number of carbons

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22.1 Hydrocarbons >
• IUPAC (International Union for Pure and Applied
Chemistry)
Straight chain
1. Naming straight-chain alkanes is
straightforward.
2. The number of carbon atoms and the
ending -ane.
3. CnH2n+2
4. n is the number of carbons in the
chain. 

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22.1 Hydrocarbons >

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22.1 Hydrocarbons >

• 1. Draw complete structural formula for the

straight chain alkane with five and six carbon
atoms

• 2 How many single bonds are there in a

propane molecule?

40
p. 767
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22.1
An alkyl group is formed by removing one hydrogen from the alkane chain.

The removal of this hydrogen results ane to -yl to indicate an alkyl group.

from methane, CH4, creates a methyl group -CH3.

from ethane, CH3CH3, creates an ethyl group -CH2CH3.
From propane CH3CH2 CH3 creates an Propyl group CH3CH2 CH2
From butane CH3CH2 CH2CH3 creates an Butyl group CH3CH2 CH2CH2

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b2-a85a-8fc90fb4d9ab&programVersion=8
Practice
Practice
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TAHSILI SAMPLE QUESTIONS
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p.772
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Saturated

unsaturated
AL HAQBANAH
https://wordwall.net/resource/38111627/chemist
ry/alkanes
What do you know about saturated and
unsaturated in terms of hydrocarbons?
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To name alkenes with four or more

carbons in the chain, it is necessary to
specify the location of the double bond
Each alkene has two
fewer hydrogen atoms
than the corresponding
alkane because two
electrons now form the
second covalent bond
and are no longer
available for bonding to
hydrogen atoms
 Ethene is the simplest
alkene known as ethylene
Ball and stick model of ethene

Alkenes with only one double bond constitute a homologous series. that
a homologous series has a fixed numerical relationship among the
numbers of atoms.

A homologous series is a collection of compounds

with the same general formula that differ only in
the carbon chain length
22.2
The number of double bonds in such molecules is shown
by using a prefix (di-, tri-, tetra-, and so on) before the
suffix -ene. The positions of the bonds are numbered in a
way that gives the lowest set of numbers

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8f2-829c-672cfee5a718/23/nonscorable?programId=7d4b8975-7a45-3b9b-b04e-988c9053
ec35&programVersion=20
 Practice

4,6-dimethyl-2-heptene
22.2

Natural alkenes. ethene is a hormone produced naturally by plants. It causes fruit

to ripen and plays a part in causing leaves to fall from deciduous trees in preparation
for winter.
22.2
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22.2
Ethyne—known commonly as acetylene—
is a by-product of oil refining and is also
made in large quantities by the reaction
of calcium carbide (Ca C 2 ) with water.

When supplied with enough oxygen,

ethyne burns with an intensely hot flame
that can reach temperatures as high as
3000°C.
Acetylene torches are commonly used in
welding,

Because the triple bond makes alkynes

reactive, simple alkynes like ethyne are
used as starting materials in the
manufacture of plastics and other organic
chemicals used in industry
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 HOMEWORK
Lesson check Q14 & 15
p. 773
TAHSILI SAMPLE QUESTIONS
• TAHSILI PRACTICE
SLIDES

GRADE 12

CHEMISTRY

Week 11
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TAHSILI SAMPLE QUESTIONS
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