Animal

transport
Ms Chong
Animal Transport
 Transport systems in multi-cellular organisms
are needed for the transport of important and
needed substances to every cell and harmful
products away from these cells.

This is impacted by the surface to volume

Transport ratio of that particular organism
systems

Another factor that affects the transport of

substances is the limitations of diffusion.
 As the size of an organism increases, it’s
surface area to volume ratio decreases.

Surface to
This means it has relatively less surface area
Volume Ratio available for substances to diffuse through, so
the rate of diffusion may not be fast enough to
meet its cells requirements.
Large multi-cellular organisms therefore cannot
rely on diffusion alone to supply their cells with
substances.
 The box on the left has a
surface area of 6 square units
and a volume of 1 cubic unit.
Its surface area to volume ratio
is 6:1.
•The box on the right has a surface
area of 24 square units and a
volume of 8 square units. Its
surface area to volume ratio is 24:8
which equals 3:1.
 The larger box has twice the height, length and width of the
smaller box, but only has half the relative surface.
 So the larger SA/V ratio of the smaller box would allow more
efficient diffusion and exchange of materials.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
 
These substances include things such as
food, oxygen, water, amino acids,
minerals, white blood cells, and even
heat.
Substances  This system is also responsible for
transported removing waste products, such as
carbon dioxide and urea.
 Large multi-cellular organisms,
therefore, require specialized transport
systems.
Transport is the circulation and distribution of materials.

Ameba Paramecium
Transport is based on:
Passive Transport: diffusion and osmosis
Active Transport: contractile vacuole
Cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming)
Cnidarians
Coelenterates

Hydra, jellyfish

Simple since cells

are in close contact
with environment
 Need for circulatory system
 Blood is pumped round and rounded a closed circuit made up of the heart and blood
vessels. As it travels around, it collects materials from some places and unloads them in
others.
 In mammals, blood transports:
1. Oxygen from the lungs to all other parts of the body.
2. Waste Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs
3. Nutrients from the gut to all the parts of the body
4. The nitrogenous waste product urea from the liver to the kidneys.

Hormones, antibodies, alcohol, drugs and many other substances are also transported by
the blood. Blood also distributes heat around the body.
 The circulatory The heart; which The blood; which The blood vessels;
system is the means serves as the pump is the fluid which serves as
of transport in multi- containing pipes through
cellular organisms. It
is composed of three
dissolved which the blood
main parts: materials being flows.
pumped.

Circulatory System
 HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 Blood is pumped away from the heart at high pressure in arteries
and returns to the heart at low pressure in veins. The human
circulatory system is a double circulatory system
 Circulatory system consists of:
 A system of tubes (arteries, capillaries, veins)
 A pump (the heart)
 Valves to ensure a one-way flow of blood
How does double circulation work?
 Single circulatory systems
 In a single circulatory system the blood is pumped from the heart to
the gas exchange organ and then directly to the rest of the body.
 E.g. fish
 The blood passes through the heart once only in a complete circuit
of the body.
 Double circulation
 It has 2 separate circuits and blood passes through the heart twice:
 Pulmonary circuit: Transports blood from the heart to the lungs. Blood
is oxygenated and carried back to the heart. Gaseous exchange happens
in the lungs
 Pulmonary artery: Deoxygenated blood
 Pulmonary vein: Oxygenated blood
 Systemic circuit: Transports blood around the body. It transports
oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and carries away deoxygenated
blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste materials.
 Double circulation
 Lungs- receive de-oxygenated blood from the heart via the
pulmonary artery. Oxygen breathed into the lungs enters the blood.
Carbon dioxide, excess heat and water vapour are lost from the
blood and breathed out.
 Heart- Oxygenated blood returns the heart by the pulmonary vein to
the left atrium. From the left ventricle it is pumped into the aorta and
the arteries that take blood to the liver, alimentary canal. Kidneys,
trunk etc.
 Double circulation
 Body organs- The arteries make smaller and smaller branches that
form capillaries. These capillaries take oxygen and food to every cell,
and pick up carbon dioxide, wastes and heat.
 Heart- veins return de-oxygenated blood from the body to the heart in
the right atrium, and the cycle continues.
 A double circulatory system is more efficient than a single circulatory
system. The heart pumps the blood twice, so higher pressures can be
maintained. The blood travels more quickly to organs.
 In a single circulatory system , blood loses pressure as it is passes
through the system. It then travels relatively slowly to other organs.
Multicellular animals require efficient systems for exchange and transport.
Open System: Transport fluid flows freely through body cavities
Closed System: Transport tissue flows within vessels
 Vertebrates have closed systems but vary in the heart chambers
Fish: 2 Amphibian: 3 Mammal and Bird: 4

NB: The four chamber heart separates oxygen rich from oxygen poor
blood
Circulatory System

Blood vessels
 Blood Vessels : One Way Streets
 Blood Vessels
resemble very long
and skinny tunnels
that are all through
your body.
 How does the
structure of the
blood vessels
compare?
 Vein

Artery
 Blood Vessels
Arteries
 Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart to
tissues of the body
 Except for the pulmonary arteries, all arteries carry
oxygen-rich blood.
 Arteries have thick walls of elastic connective tissue,
contractible smooth muscle, and epithelial cells that
help them withstand the powerful pressure produced
when the heart contracts and pushes blood into the
arteries.
 Have a small internal lumen
 Capillaries

 Thesmallest of the blood vessels

connecting arteries and veins
 Walls are one cell thick allowing
for easier diffusion of nutrients and
oxygen from capillaries to body
cells and wastes and carbon
dioxide from body cells to
capillaries
Veins
 Return blood to the heart
 Veins have thin walls of connective
tissue and smooth muscle
 Have a larger internal lumen
 Contains blood under low pressure

 Have a valve to prevent blood from

flowing backwards
vein Pressure in veins
 Veins have wide lumens (holes
running through them), and so
blood pressure is low.
 Due to this low blood pressure and
as blood is sometimes returning to
the heart against gravity, veins
have valves which shut when the
heart relaxes and keeps the blood
moving in one direction.
 Key facts
 When the ventricles contract, blood goes
away from the heart in arteries under high
pressure.
 Arteries divide into more arterioles and
these arterioles into even more capillaries.
This means that the circulatory system is
becoming ever more branching and so the
time it gets into the many capillaries, it is
low.
Review
Review
Blood flow in the veins is aided by the surrounding muscles
and valves that prevent back flow.
Circulatory System
The Blood
Components of the Blood
Components of Blood Video
Blood Clotting When does clotting occur?
 Internal Features of the Heart

How does the heart beat?

 External Features of the Heart
Label the diagram
The wall of the left
ventricle is thicker
and the right
ventricle

Why is
this???
Blood pumped from
the left ventricle must
be moved all the way
around the body
The right only to the
lungs
How does the heart beat?
 Heart Dissection!

How does the heart beat?

Label the diagram of the heart. Oxygen rich/ oxygen poor?

Heart video
Human Circulation

Trace the path of

blood in the human
system.

Arteries:
Arterioles:
Capillaries:
Venioles:
Veins:
 THE HEART

 4 chambers or
compartments
 2 upper chambers: Left
Atrium
Right Atrium
 2 lower chambers: Left
Ventricle
Right Ventricle
 Heart pump blood in 2 ways:
 The right-side pumps blood to the lungs
 The left side pumps blood to the rest of the body
 Parts of hearts:
 Atria (left and right)
 Ventricles (left and right)
 Valves (semilunar, tricuspid, bicuspid)
4 main blood vessels:
 Vena cava
 Pulmonary artery
 Pulmonary vein
 Aorta
 The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall
than the right ventricle- Because the left
ventricle has to pump blood all the way
around the body, but the right ventricle only
has to pump it to the lungs.

 The blood in arteries is under high pressure

than blood in the veins. The high pressure
in arteries lets blood flow into the
capillaries, while the lower pressure in
veins lets blood flow from the capillaries
 Heartbeat
 If you listen to your heartbeat, it
makes a lub dub sound.
 The lub is when blood is pushed out
of the heart into the body and the
dub is the reloading of the heart
with more blood ready to push it out
to the body
 Key facts

 The heart is made of powerful cardiac muscle which

receives a continuous supply of glucose, fatty acids,
and oxygen from the coronary arteries, which allows
the cardiac muscles cells to respire aerobically,
generating energy for contraction.
 Blood goes into the atria, the atria contract and
forces blood into the ventricles. The ventricles
contract and forces blood into arteries that take
blood around the body.
Key Fact- left ventricle wall is made of thicker muscle
than the right ventricle wall
 The left ventricle wall is thick
as the muscle has to contact
hard enough o force blood out
of it and around the whole
body.
 The right side is less thick as
the muscle has to contract and
push blood only as far as the
lungs.
 The pulse is a measure of
heart rate

 When the ventricles contract and push

blood into the arteries, the arteries which
have elastic walls, expand and recoil
(open wider and then narrow again).
 The push of blood along the artery occurs
as a pulse, and this can be felt when the
artery comes near the skin.
 How heart rate is changed?

Exercise
 skeletal muscles need more glucose and oxygen for
respiration, and they produce more carbon dioxide. The
brain detects the extra carbon dioxide and send
impulses to the SAN to speed up heart rate.
 When you exercise, are frightened, or excited, more
adrenaline is produced.
 This travels in the blood to the heart and causes heart
rate to speed up.
 Monitoring the heart

 The electrical activity of the

heart can be measure and an
electrocardiogram (ECG)
produced (see diagram to the
left).