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OMFS Mandibular Space Infection
OMFS Mandibular Space Infection
INFECTIONS
Submitted by
Sooraj suresh
REG NO:180020610
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
SUBMENTAL SPACES
SUBMANDIBULAR SPACE
SUBLINGUAL SPACE
TEMPORAL SPACE
PTERYGOMANDIBULAR SPACE
SUBMASSETRIC SPACE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
The head and neck region has structures separated from each other through
specific natural connective tissue barriers called fascia. (Fascia means fibrous
connective tissue which binds together various structures of the body). These
fascial layers can be anatomically divided into superficial and deep. The
fascial spaces are potential spaces formed by the various fascial layer’s
division and unions at different levels.
• CLASSIFICATION OF SPACES
Based on the Mode of Involvement
Direct involvement: Primary spaces— (a) maxillary spaces (b) mandibular spaces.
Indirect involvement: Secondary spaces.
Spaces involved in Odontogenic Infections
Primary maxillary spaces: Canine, buccal, and infratemporal spaces.
Primary mandibular spaces: Submental, buccal, submandibular, and sublingual
spaces.
Secondary fascial spaces: Masseteric, pterygomandibular, superficial and deep
temporal, lateral pharyngeal, retropharyngeal, and prevertebral spaces, parotid
space.
Based on Clinical Significance
Face—buccal, canine, masticatory, parotid
Suprahyoid—sublingual, submandibular (submaxillary, submental),
pharyngomaxillary (lateral pharyngeal), peritonsillar
Infrahyoid—anterovisceral (pretracheal)
Spaces of total neck—retropharyngeal, space of carotid sheath.
• SPACES RELATED TO LOWER JAW
SUBMENTAL SPACE
SUBMANDIBULAR SPACE
SUBLINGUAL SPACE
SUBMENTAL SPACE INFECTION
INVOLVEMENT
Infection from lower incisors, lower lip, chin, tip of the
tongue and anterior part of floor of the mouth can
spread to the submental lymph nodes and subsequently
cause infection of the submental space.
BOUNDARIES
Superior—Mylohyoid muscle
Inferior—Skin and subcutaneous tissue, platysma and
deep cervical fascia
Medial—Single midline space with no medial wall
Lateral—Anterior belly of digastric (bilateral)
Anterior—Mandible
Posterior—Hyoid bone
CONTENTS
Submental lymph nodes, and anterior jugular veins. The lymph nodes
lie embedded in adipose tissue, and hence, submental abscesses tend
to remain well circumscribed
CLINICAL FEATURES
EXTRAORAL : Distinct, firm swelling in midline, beneath the chin.
Skin overlying the swelling is board like and taut. Fluctuation may be
present.
INTRAORAL : The anterior teeth are either nonvital, fractured or
carious. The offending tooth may exhibit tenderness to percussion and
may show mobility. The patient may experience considerable
discomfort on swallowing.
CONTENTS
• Submandibular salivary gland and lymph nodes
• Facial artery
• Lingual nerve
• Lymph nodes
CLINICAL FEATURES
Extraoral: (i) Firm swelling in submandibular region, below the inferior
border of mandible, (ii) generalized constitutional symptoms, (iii) some
degree of tenderness, (iv) redness of overlying skin.
Intraoral: (i) Teeth are sensitive to percussion, (ii) teeth are mobile, (iii)
dysphagia, and (iv) moderate trismus.
SPREAD
There are no major anatomic barriers between the two submandibular
and submental spaces. Hence, infection can extend into the submental
space.
Contralateral submandibular space.
Infection can spread backwards to involve para-
pharyngeal spaces
• SUBLINGUAL SPACE
INVOLVEMENT
The teeth which frequently give rise to involvement
of sublingual space are the mandibular incisors,
canines, premolars and sometimes first molars. The
apices of these teeth are superior to the mylohyoid
muscle. The infection perforates lingual cortical plate
below the level of the mucosa of the floor of the
mouth and passes into the sublingual space.
CONTENTS
Deep part of submandibular gland
sublingual gland and their draining ducts (Wharton’s
duct and ducts of Rivinus)
Lingual nerve
BOUNDARIES
Superior—Mucosa of the floor of the mouth
Inferior—Superior surface of mylohyoid muscle
Medial—Midline raphae
Lateral—Medial surface of mandible
CLINICAL FEATURES
Extraoral: There is little or no swelling. The lymph nodes
may be enlarged and tender. Pain and discomfort on
deglutition. Speech may be affected.
Intraoral: Firm, painful swelling seen in the floor of the
mouth on the affected side. The floor of the mouth is
raised. The tongue may be pushed superiorly. This will
bring about airway obstruction. The ability to protrude
the tongue beyond the vermillion border of upper lip is
affected.
INCISION AND DRAINAGE
Intraorally: An incision is made close to the lingual
cortical plate, lateral to the sublingual plica, as the
important structure at this site is the sublingual nerve
which is deeply placed and less likely to be damaged
by this approach. The other important structures lie
medial to the plica and include the Wharton’s duct,
sublingual artery and veins and the lingual nerve. The
sinus forceps is then inserted and opened to evacuate
the pus.
PTERYGOMANDIBULAR SPACE
TEMPORAL SPACE
• MASSETRIC SPACE
BOUNDARIES
Anterior—Buccal space, parotidomasseteric
fascia
Posterior—Parotid gland and its fascia
Superior—Zygomatic arch
Inferior—Inferior border of mandible
Superficial or medial—Ascending ramus
Deep or lateral—Masseter muscle
CONTENTS
Masseteric nerve, superficial temporal artery, and transverse facial
artery.
It contains muscles of mastication; masseter, lateral and medial
pterygoids, and insertion of temporalis muscle.
INVOLVEMENT
Infection usually originates from the lower third molars; either
resulting from (i) pericoronitis related to vertical and distoangular
3rd molars or (ii) a periapical abscess spreads subperiosteally in a
distal direction.
CLINICAL FEATURE
Extraorally, the swelling is seen mainly over the angle of the
mandible. It is restricted to the masseter muscle as the forward
spread is confined by the tendon of temporalis, which is inserted
into the anterior border of the ramus. The lower border of the
ramus controls inferior spread. Sometimes the posterior mandibular
sulcus may be obliterated.
The infection is characterised by severe trismus and
throbbing pain. Chronic submasseteric space infection can
be punctuated by recurrent exacerbation, which can be
controlled through drainage and antibiotics but without a
complete resolution. The masseter muscle is more
responsible for blood supply of ramus of the mandible than
the body, which is mainly supplied by mandibular artery.
Because of this, ischaemia results in that part of the bone
denuded of periosteum by the abscess, which leads to
osteomyelitis with sequestrum formation.
NEIGHBOURING SPACE
• Buccal space
• Pterygomandibular space
• Superficial temporal space
• Parotid space
• Infratemporal space
INCISION AND DRAINAGE
Intraoral approach: An incision is made vertically over the lower part
of anterior border of the ramus of the mandible, deep to the bone. A
sinus forceps are passed along the lateral surface of the ramus
downwards and backwards and the pus is drained. The drain is
inserted and secured with a suture. The abscess is usually situated
below the level of incision, and not at a point of dependent drainage,
and hence the drainage may be inefficient.
Extraoral approach: When the mouth cannot be opened, an incision
is placed in the skin behind the angle of the mandible to open the
abscess by Hilton’s method. A rubber drain is inserted and secured in
position with a suture.
• PTERYGOMANDIBULAR SPACE
CONTENTS
Lingual nerve, mandibular nerve, inferior
alveolar or mandibular artery. Mylohyoid nerve
and vessels. Loose areolar connective tissue.
INVOLVEMENT
The situation most frequently responsible for
involvement of this space, is the pericoronitis
related to the mandibular 3rd molar.
Infection can also be produced by a
contaminated needle used for an inferior alveolar
nerve block.
Infection, at times, can originate from a
maxillary 3rd molar, following a posterior
superior alveolar nerve block injection.
BOUNDARIES
Anterior—Buccal space
Posterior—Parotid gland with lateral pharyngeal space
Superior—Lateral pterygoid muscle
Inferior—Inferior border of mandible
Superficial or medial—Lateral surface of medial pterygoid
muscle
Deep or lateral—Medial surface of ascending ramus of
mandible
NEIGHBOURING SPACE
• Buccal space
• Lateral pharyngeal space
• Submasseteric space
• Deep temporal space
• Parotid space
• Peritonsillar space
CLINICAL FEATURES
Extraorally, the swelling is not very obvious. Intraorally, there is visible
swelling of the soft palate on the same side, swelling of the anterior
tonsillar pillar and deviation of the uvula to the opposite side. The
patient has severe trismus and dysphagia. Therefore in cases of
pterygomandibular space infection, we have to carefully examine
intraorally using anaesthetic spray to arrive at a proper diagnosis.
CONTENTS
Superficial temporal vessels, auriculotemporal nerve and
temporal fat pad
BOUNDARIES
Laterally—Temporal fascia
Medially—Temporal bone
CLINICAL FEATURE
Patient complains of severe pain and trismus. Swelling is more
obvious in the superficial temporal space infection and will be
restricted by the outline of the temporal fascia superiorly and
laterally and by the zygomatic arch inferiorly. In case of
associated buccal space infection, swelling has a characteristic
dumbbell shape due to absence of swelling over the zygomatic
arch. A deep temporal space infection produces less swelling and
there will also be pain and trismus.