PARTS AND

FUNCTIONS
OF A CELL
OBJECTIVE:
Differentiate plant and animal cells
according to presence or absence of
certain organelles
1. Wha is the site of protein
synthesis?
A. Filaments
B. Rough ER C
C. Ribosomes
D. Nuclei
2. Plant cell walls are composed
of which material?
A. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
B. Cytoplasm
C. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Cellulose
D
3. What is the material that
surrounds a cell’s organelles??
A. Plasma
B. Chromatin D
C. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Cytoplasm
4. Within a cell, what is a space that
is empty of cytoplasm, lined with a
membrane, and filled with fluid?
A. Centriole
B. Nucleolus C
C. Vacuole
D. Nucleus
 CELLS
• Cells are the
fundamental units
of life.
• All living things are
cells or composed of
cells.
 2 MAIN TYPES OF CELLS
1. EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Cells that contain a
nucleus. A typical
eukaryotic cell is
shown on the right
side Figure.
•
• Eukaryotic cells are
usually larger than
prokaryotic cells, and
they are found mainly in
multicellular organisms. 

• Organisms with
eukaryotic cells are
called EUKARYOTES,
and they range from
fungi to people
2. PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Cells without a nucleus. The DNA
in prokaryotic cells is in the
cytoplasm rather than enclosed
within a nuclear membrane.
Prokaryotic cells are found in
single-celled organisms, such as
bacteria, like the one shown on the
right side.
• Organisms with
prokaryotic cells
are called PROKARYOTES
 PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

DEOXY
RIBON
UCLEI
C ACID
(DNA)
SIZE
 Organelle
• An organelle is a biological
structure that performs a
distinctive function inside
a cell.

• Organelle literally
means “little organs”.
 Nucleus
• The large, membrane-
bounded organelle that
contains the genetic
material, in the form of
multiple linear DNA
molecules organized into
structures called
chromosomes
 Nucleus
• Responsible for
maintaining the integrity
of DNA and in controlling
cellular activities such as
metabolism, growth, and
reproduction by regulating
gene expression
 Nucleolus

The nucleolus is an
organelle that
makes ribosomes.
 Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter
and leave nucleus
 Ribosome
• A minute, sphere-
shaped particle
composed of protein
and ribonucleic acid
(RNA)
 Ribosome

Serves as the site

of protein synthesis
 Endoplasmic Reticulum

Serves as synthesizer,
sorter, and transporter of
materials such as protein
and lipids. It is categorized
into two: the rough and the
smooth.
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Contains ribosomes and

its main
function is to synthesize
and transport proteins
and other materials
throughout
the cell.
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

The smooth endoplasmic

reticulum on the other hand does
not contain
ribosomes and it is the one that
synthesizes lipids (such as
phospholipids and
cholesterol), carbohydrates, and
steroids.
 Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that is
comprised of membrane-
bound stacks

Involved in glycosylation,
packaging of molecules
for secretion,
transporting of lipids
within the cell, and giving
rise to lysosomes
1. Which organelle builds protein?

2. Produces Ribosomes?

3. Allows material to enter/exit a

cell?

4. Creates fats and breaks down

toxins?
5. Stores DNA?

6. Links chain of amino acids

together?

7.Packages and releases proteins

from a cell?
8. Place the following steps of protein creation in order
from start to finish

A. Golgi body packages and exports the

finished proteins in a vesicle

B. Ribosomes travel along the rough ER

and create proteins

C. Nucleolus makes ribosomes

D. Ribosomes exit the nucleus

Place the following steps of protein creation in order
from start to finish

C. Nucleolus makes ribosomes

D. Ribosomes exit the nucleus

B. Ribosomes travel along the rough ER

and create proteins

A. Golgi body packages and exports the

finished proteins in a vesicle
 Plasma membrane

The covering of our cell

is the plasma membrane.
It is like “the skin” that
encloses the cell parts
from the outside
environment. It allows
the entry of the
materials inside the cell
and it is also where
wastes exit.
 Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is
where all the
organelles are
embedded. It is a
“jelly-like” substance
that surrounds the
organelles of the cell.
 Mitochondrion
• Spherical or rod-shaped
organelle with its own
genome

• Responsible for the

generation of most of the
cell’s supply of Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP) through
the process of cellular
respiration
In this transmission electron micrograph of mitochondria in a mammalian lung
cell, the cristae, infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane, can be seen
in cross-section. (credit: Louise Howard)
 Lysosomes
• A single-membrane-
bound cytoplasmic
structure containing
a large range of
digestive enzymes
 Lysosomes

• Primarily for
digestion and removal
of excess or worn-
out organelles, food
particles, and
engulfed viruses or
bacteria
 Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis
takes place
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the
process of converting light
energy to chemical
energy and storing it in the
bonds of sugar. This
process occurs in plants
and algae.
 Cell Wall

The cell wall is the

outer lining beside the
plasma
membrane. The cell
wall adds stability and
protection to plant
cells.
 Vacuole
• A membrane-bound vesicle
found in the cytoplasm of a
cell, especially of plants

• Involved in providing
structural support,
intracellular
secretion, excretion,
storage, and digestion
 Centriole
• A self-replicating, small,
fibrous, cylindrical-
shaped organelle,
typically located in the
cytoplasm near the
nucleus in cells of most
animals
• Involved in the process
of nuclear division.
 Cytoskeleton
• The lattice or an
internal framework of a
cell composed of protein
filaments and
microtubules in the
cytoplasm
• Involved in controlling cell
shape, maintaining
intracellular organization,
and in cell movement
 CELL FUNCTION PRESENT IN PRESENT IN PRESENT IN
COMPONENT PROKARYOTES? ANIMAL CELLS? PLANT CELLS?

PLASMA Separates cell YES YES YES

MEMBRANE from external
environment;
controls passage of
organic molecules,
ions, water, oxygen,
and wastes into and
out of the cell
CYTOPLASM Provides structure YES YES YES
to cell; site of
many metabolic
reactions; medium
in which organelles
are found
NUCLEUS Cell organelle that NO YES YES
houses DNA and
directs synthesis
 CELL FUNCTION PRESENT IN PRESENT IN PRESENT IN
COMPONENT PROKARYOTES? ANIMAL CELLS? PLANT CELLS?

RIBOSOMES Protein synthesis YES YES YES

MITOCHONDRIA ATP NO YES YES

production/cellular
respiration

VACUOLES Storage and NO YES YES

transport
 CELL FUNCTION PRESENT IN PRESENT IN PRESENT IN
COMPONENT PROKARYOTES? ANIMAL CELLS? PLANT CELLS?

CENTROSOME Unspecified role in NO YES NO

cell division in
animal cells; source
of microtubules in
animal cells
LYSOSOME Digestion of NO YES NO
macromolecules;
recycling of worn-
out organelles
CELL WALL Protection, Yes, primarily NO Yes, primarily
structural support peptidoglycan in cellulose
and maintenance of bacteria but not
cell shape Archaea
CHLOROPLAST Photosynthesis NO NO YES
 CELL FUNCTION PRESENT IN PRESENT IN PRESENT IN
COMPONENT PROKARYOTES? ANIMAL CELLS? PLANT CELLS?

ENDOPLASMIC Modifies proteins NO YES YES

RETICULUM and synthesizes
lipids

GOLGI Modifies, sorts, NO YES YES

APPARATUS tags, packages, and
distributes lipids
and proteins
CYTOSKELETON Maintains cell’s YES YES YES
shape,secures
organelles in
specific positions,
allows cytoplasm
and vesicles to
move within the
cell, and enables
unicellular
 Choose the best answer.

1. What is an organelle?
 A.Tiny cells
 B. Tiny tissues inside the cells
 C. Tiny organs inside the cells
2. An organelle not found in animal
cells
A. Vacuole
 B. Lysosome
 C. Chloroplast
3. An organelle not found in animal cell

A. Vacuole
 B. Lysosome
 C. Cell wall
4. In cells with a clearly defined nucleus, which
membrane-bound organelle is responsible for
transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins
and lipids into vesicles?

A. Nucleus
 B. Cisterna
 C. Lysosome
D. Golgi Apparatus
5. Which of the following is NOT true
about nucleus?
A. It is a single membraned organelle.
 B. It contains the genetic material.
 C. It controls many cellular activities, such as
metabolism, and growth.
5. This is an organelle which
functions in cellular respiration

A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Amyloplast
D. Golgi Apparatus
A

G
Cell Organelle Analogy: Factory
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 ASSIGNMENT
Explain in your own words the following situations.
Write your explanations in your answer sheet.

1. All living organisms have cells. Some are

unicellular organisms wherein the cell is the
organism itself. Explain why cells are the basic unit
of life.
2. How can you take care of your cells?
3. Would life on Earth exist without cells? Why do
you think so?
 Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The ___ controls what enters

and leaves the cell.

A.Mitochondrion B.Golgi Apparatus

C. Nucleus D. Cell membrane
2. The rough endoplasmic
reticulum has ___ located on it.

A.Lysosomes B.Cytosol
C. Ribosomes D. Cell membrane
 3. The organelle functions to
package and deliver proteins.
A.Lysosomes
B.Endoplasmic Reticulum
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
 4. The organelle functions in
cellular respiration.
A.Lysosomes
B.Endoplasmic Reticulum
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
5.This organelle is responsible
for destroying worn-out cell
parts.
A.Lysosomes
B.Ribosomes
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
6. Genetic material is contained
within ___ of the cell.

A.Ribosomes
B.Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Nucleolus
7.Cell organelles are located
within ___of the cell.

A.Nucleus
B.Cytoplasm
C. Cell membrane
D. Lysosomes
8. What part of the cell serves
as the intracellular highway?

A.Endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Cell membrane
D. Mitochondria
9. What part of the cell
responsible for breaking down
and digestion things?
A. Ribosomes
B. Lysosomes
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Vacuole
10. Which of the following would
you not find in a bacterial cell?

A. DNA
B. Cell membrane
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Ribosomes
11. Which of the following is
found in plant cells, but not in
animal cells?
A. Cell wall
B. Vacuole
C. Mitochondria
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
12. Identify the organelle.

A. Golgi apparatus
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Mitochondria
D. Lysosome
13. This is also known as the
power-house of the cell?.

A. Golgi apparatus
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Mitochondria
D. Lysosome
14. What part of the cell makes
proteins.

A. Ribosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes
D. Vacuole
15. What is a sac-like structure
used to store water and
nutrients? These are much
larger in plant cells?.
A. Lysosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Vacuole
D. Golgi body
15. What is a sac-like structure
used to store water and
nutrients? These are much
larger in plant cells?.
A. Lysosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Vacuole
D. Golgi body
15. What is a sac-like structure
used to store water and
nutrients? These are much
larger in plant cells?.
A. Lysosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Vacuole
D. Golgi body