REVIEW ON RESEARCH PAPERS

1.Comparative Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of F16 and F22 Combat Aircraft using

Computational Fluid Dynamics
2.Aerodynamics and flow characterisation of multistage rockets
3.CFD Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Moving in Flocks
4.Design and CFD Analysis of a Blended Wing UAV (A Conceptual Design)
5.S55 Project – Cfd Analysis Of An historical Seaplane
6.Coupled Analysis of Re-Entry Vehicle
7.Aerodynamic analysis of missile design
8.High-Fidelity Computational Aerodynamics of Multi-Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

PRAVEEN G
23MCD1007
MTECH (CAD/CAM)
Comparative Analysis of Aerodynamic
Characteristics of F16 and F22 Combat Aircraft
using Computational Fluid Dynamics
PROBLEM - to increase the inflight performance by obtaining to obtain pressure distribution, 
shear stress distribution and temperature variation on the complete surface of the aircrafts 
Lockheed Martin F16 Raptor and F22 Flying Falcon
ALTITUDE – 1000m, T = 8.55 C° , P = 89.95 KPa, ρ = 1.113 Kg/m3 , and µ =1.755 10 / Ns m
MATERIAL PROP - Aluminium body with the density of 2700 Kg/m3
• Inlet: Velocity Inlet: The inlet velocity has been taken as Mach 1 / 1.5 / 2 (depending on the study) perpendicular to the inlet plane. The
turbulence intensity is set to 3 and 5. 
• Outlet: Pressure outflow: At the outlet the turbulence intensity is set to 3 and 5. 
• Airplane wall: The roughness constant and the roughness height have been set to default as 0.5 and 0, respectively. 
• Operating temperature: The temperature calculated for the altitude of 1000 meters using T = 15.04 0.00649 − ( h) comes out to be 8.55 °C. 
• Operating pressure: The pressure calculated using P=101.29[T+273.1/288.08]^5.25 comes out to be 8.995 10 / × N m , while the gauge
pressure has been taken as zero.
AOA – zero
Mach Number – 1 and 2
 PARAMETERS​ MACH 1​ MACH 2​
AIRCRAFT ​ F16​ F22​
CONCLUSION:  PRESSURE​ Low P, 100000 Pa  slightly Higher P, distribution uniform 
distribution  (all over surface)​
The design of F16 is such not uniform​ ​
that it can handle the 94000Pa​
temperature rise for longer TEMPERATURE​ Lower​ Higher most of the front end of F22 lies in the
time, experiences lower Stabilizers  red zone so climbs up for stabilizers​
pressure and very small are relatively ​
kept cool​
shear stress, making it a
better aircraft in terms of SHEAR STRESS Distribution the average shear
for F16 turns stress on F22 is approximately 6 times of the stress
usage. uniform​ on F16​
​
​

https://drive.google.com/file/d/
120rcCvJvA0y6RXCSYRMeg4ZoUAcUPP6g/
view?usp=sharing
Aerodynamics and flow characterisation of multistage rockets

PROBLEM – To conduct a systematic flow analysis on single and multi stage rockets using ANSYS on
different Mach speeds. By finding the density, pressure contour ,velocity, temperature on mach 3,4,5
speed.

Through the public literature survey the standardized basic rocket model was selected
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - 
Numerical results were presented only mach speed 3 double stage rocket model met the design criteria
because the boundary conditions are well matched with theoretical calculations.
The small values of rocket path angle at three different stage separation are 42 deg, 52 deg and 65 deg and
altitude 78x103 ft , 82x103 ft and 86x103 ft respectively.
The values were varied ±4000 ft and ±13 deg respectively.
It is noted that these number differences can be controlled by the normal mach speed 3 and 4 satisfactorily
and maintaining the rocket body incremental velocity, density, pressure and temperature.
CONCLUSION :
Single body mach 4 speed and Double
body mach 6 speed does not result in
reasonable stage separation because the vehicle
propellant mass and relative aerodynamic
losses went very much outside the design data
limits.
So speed to reduced to mach 3 and it is noted
that there was lower shock propagation at the
nose tip. It is also investigated the best flow
properties like pressure, temperature, density
and velocity at entry and exit face of the rocket
body.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/
18cc2N8X9JHWc0QY6o3KeccyzP1V1Pvjz/view?usp=sharing
CFD Analysis of Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Moving in
Flocks 

PROBLEM - It is very important to make aerodynamic

analyzes of unmanned aerial vehicles swarming behavior
and to identify reliable zones for vehicles. It should be
determined at what speeds and closeness of the flying
vehicles along the specified routes the vehicles should be
located within the frame.
1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

2. In this analysis, 1 m distance was taken between two drones along y-axis, as shown in Fig. 2e. The
middle point of the top of the drone was chosen as a reference point. Distance between axis of
propellers from corner to corner is 250 mm. Line locations are shown in Fig. 2e.
 Figure 3a–d shows time-dependent velocity
distributions according to y-axis (−6 m to 4
m). As can be seen in Fig. 3, first drone creates
velocity of approximately 14 m/s at all axes of
propellers. Second drone rear propellers (red
and orange) create velocity of
approximately 17 m/s as front propellers (blue
and grey) create velocity of 15 m/s. This
means second drone is affected by air
condition resulted from first drone movement
causing unstable motion in second drone. 
Figure 4a–d shows time-
dependent turbulence kinetic
energy distributions according to
y-axis. Looking at Fig. 4, if we
inspect graphics along time
intervals, it can be seen that the
appearing turbulence kinetic
energy between −4 and −2 m is
getting stabilized by time.
In Fig. 5a–d when we take into
consideration axis of the drone-
midpoint, the considerable
pressure force applied from first
drone to second drone can be
seen easily. This force makes
second drone move downward.
CONCLUSION
In this research we understood that the drones moving as flocks affect
their mutual movement. Hence the drones moving very close should have
a certain fly distance to minimize aerodynamic effects. For this reason,
UAVs working autonomously should be detected by itself and be able to
control the distance from other UAVs. Therefore, each autonomous UAV
model should be redesigned to define aerodynamically own safe-zone

https://drive.google.com/file/d/
1H90G9eeUileOeH_WX0Wr6mQ3hAj6EcXx/view?
usp=drive_link
 Design and CFD Analysis of a
Blended Wing UAV (A
Conceptual Design)

1. PROBLEM: To find the velocity, pressure distribution

contours over a blended body aircraft (X48-6 as a baseline
model) using cfd in ansys fluent.
MODEL: A number of aircraft models
were studied before starting the design
as shown in Figure 1 below and then
initial design was made and was
improved using pro-E and
SOLIDWORKS, and then it was
imported in GAMBIT where flow field
for the problem was made

• CHARACTERISTICS
MESHING:
• Symmetric airfoil NACA 64a008
In our case, the worst element came out to be
• For outboard wing, Eppler 342 0.83 which is OK because FLUENT can solve
skewness up to 0.97.
• Vertical section at end for yaw
stability.
RESULTS
Velocity contours Figure 6 shows velocity distribution over symmetric
plane and can see that the distribution pattern was similar to any other
aircraft.
Pressure contours Our main focus was on pressure distribution, because
pressure acting on the surface contributes to drag force. Then we calculated
the coefficients of lift and drag for our model and identified the critical
regions in terms of maximum pressure that contributed to a higher drag
value. Figure 7 shows pressure distribution on the body and 2 cut sections
on main body and outboard wing. Red color indicates the critical region
where we had maximum pressure.

Comparison Following figure shows lift and drag coefficient values for our
design and normal range for a blended wing body (Figure 8)
FUTURE WORK:
This study was carried out at a constant speed for cruise condition only. A study comprised of determining
the behavior of aircraft for takeoff, climb, descend and landing conditions would be really helpful. 
Based on study at the above described conditions, the design can be than regarded as fit for manufacturing

CONCLUSION:
As we can see that the results within the range for blended wing UAVs and we got a high value for L/D ratio (15)
because of the blended wings. Pressure on the wing section was decreased by using a unique airfoil and varying
the aspect ratio on the wing section, as a result we got a low value for coefficient of drag and a higher value for
coefficient of Lift.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xYT-AkIdO-U16ys8pS45ZqPR32ejvfAh/
view?usp=sharing
S55 PROJECT – CFD ANALYSIS OF AN
HISTORICAL SEAPLANE
• PROBLEM- To study the aerodynamic properties of a Savoia Marchetti S55-X model
aircraft in cruise flight condition. To simulate the model aircraft at various angles of attack,
with the objective of studying the lift and drag coefficient changes at every angle

• The Computational Fluid Dynamics software Star CCM+ and ANSA for various angle of
attacks.
For the simulations on wings and tail the computational fluid dynamics software Star
CCM+ has been used, while to analyse the whole aircraft, the decision of using Star
CCM+ in combination with the ANSA software has been made.

For this purpose, as shown in Table 1, the ANSA software has been used for the
preparation of the different surfaces and for the meshing phase, while the physics
conditions setting, the simulation phase and the post processing phase have been
conducted in Star CCM+.
First Analyses on Lifting Elements
Before studying the full three-dimensional wing CAD geometry, a set of two-
dimensional analyses on the wing airfoils has been carried out in order to obtain
initial data in terms of pressure coefficient distributions on the upper and lower
wings

For this process the software ANSA from Beta CAE Systems has been used. The work
has started with a preliminary cleaning of the surfaces. The work has started with a
preliminary cleaning of the surfaces, i.e. the deletion of some internal elements such as
stringers, ribs and longerons, to prevent the creation of useless mesh elements.
Simulation and Results
• After the output of the volume mesh from ANSA to the Star
CCM+ software, the definition of the correct physics of the
domain and the preparation of the reports, a set of
simulations has been conducted on the aircraft at various
angles of attack, in a range going from -10 to +18 degrees,
including one at an angle of -5.37 degrees which is the attack
angle for the cruise flight configuration.
CONCLUSION

• Aerodynamic behavior of the S55 seaplane and derive some useful data for the future construction of
a Replica of this historical aircraft and analysis of the entire model aircraft so to explore its strengths
and weakness during the flight is done.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KX1ZlArtAVI238rcq118rKtOzEuipnag/view?usp=sharing
 Coupled Analysis
of Re-Entry Vehicle 
• PROBLEM : To analyse Re-entry
vehile by CFD and FEA where CFD
results are presented to show the flow
field around a capsule in hypersonic
flow. FEA results are presented to
show the stress around a capsule in
hypersonic flow. CFD analysis
represents a key technology within
planetary entry vehicle design.
RESULTS 
• CONCLUSION:
• Thus, the space re -entry shuttle capsule is analyzed for the Mach number (Ma=25). Thus, the post-
processing results of the flow field around the capsule when capsule attains Ma=25 is predicted.
when flow is above Ma=0.3, the flow nature changes to compressible flow, so, the fluid experiences
pressure change around the capsule results in shock waves and also due to compressibility , the fluid
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CHeUz2Caed_ZMX69E7aic6B5B3oPfmqg/view?usp=sharing
density changes. Due to high pressure and viscous force, it experiences the high temperature
distribution to the fluid and also to the capsule, due to tangential shear forces of fluid.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/
1CHeUz2Caed_ZMX69E7aic6B5B3oPfmqg/view?
usp=sharing
 Aerodynamic Analysis On Missile Design

PROBLEM STATEMENT
• The objective of this paper is to show the variation in drag force on entire missile and how
the aerodynamic coefficient change with Mach number. To increase overall efficiency, we
need to give an optimum shape to missile design shape which can reduce drag force and
provide a streamline structure & flow. 
SOFTWARE FOR
MODELLING – ptc creo
parametric
RESULTS
CONCLUSION

The overall presentation of this paper concludes about the

variation of flow over a missile body. From results, we
conclude that the Drag values are increasing with Mach
Number which results in formation of induced drag over the
body surface which increases as well. and we also see that,
the minimum drag and moment induced at Mach number
0.2& 0.4 by this we conclude that this type of design is good
for medium range subsonic missile design. 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/
150Po7PEma6BgnYaXkPk54ilANDHR_bIp/view?
usp=sharing
 High-Fidelity Computational Aerodynamics
of Multi-Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
• To study three vehicles have been  the classic quadcopter DJI Phantom 3, an
unconventional quadcopter specialized for forward flight, the SUI Endurance, and an
innovative concept for Urban Air Mobility (UAM), the Elytron 4S UAV

• The DJI Phantom 3 is simulated with different rotors and with both a simplified airframe
and the real airframe including landing gear and a camera. The effects of weather are
studied for the DJI Phantom 3 quadcopter in hover.

• The SUI Endurance original design is compared in forward flight to a new configuration
conceived by the authors, the hybrid configuration, which gives a large improvement in
forward thrust.

• The Elytron 4S UAV is simulated in helicopter mode and in airplane mode. Understanding
the complex flows in multi-rotor vehicles will help design quieter, safer, and more efficient
future drones and UAM vehicles.
Overset Grid Generation

RESULTS

• The OVERFLOW Navier-Stokes CFD code is used throughout this study. All CFD computations were
carried out with NASA’s supercomputers Pleiades and Electra located at the NASA Advanced
Supercomputer (NAS) facilities.
A. DJI
Phantom 3
B). Weather effects on
quadcopters—Wind gusts
C). SUI ENDURANCE
D. Elytron 4S UAV
 SUMMARY
• High-order accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations have been carried out for several Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles. NASA’s supercomputers Pleiades and Electra were essential for this work as the overset grids have hundred of
millions of grid points. However, only one to two days were needed for converging the quasi-steady solutions using
1024-2048 processors; the solution converged after 30 rotor revolutions. Adding components underneath the airframe
(camera, battery, landing gear) helps by reducing the interactions between rotors, but they must be placed correctly to
reduce the fuselage download. In the DJI Phantom 3, the landing gear and battery are immersed in the vortex wake,
producing a higher fuselage download than for the simplified airframe and resulting in a reduction of 1% thrust for the
quadcopter. Also, when the rotor-rotor interactions are reduced, the pressure fluctuations are reduced too, resulting in a
quieter vehicle. Still, the most important components are the rotors, the sole generators of thrust. The superior design of
the original rotor blades generates 26% more thrust than the replica CF blades. The effects of weather have also been
simulated for the DJI Phantom 3 in hover. Wind gusts unbalance the thrust of individual rotors, producing a moment that,
if not compensated, will destabilize the quadcopter, possibly making it crash. We have observed a linear tendency of the
moment generated as a function of the wind velocity. The SUI Endurance, a quadcopter specialized for forward flight,
has also been simulated. The fore rotor wakes affect the aft rotors, reducing their performance. The interactions are more
important as we increase the forward velocity and angle of attack. A new design from the authors, the hybrid
configuration, has been compared with the original configuration, with an impressive increase in forward thrust of 63%.
Finally, the innovative configuration of the Elytron 4S UAV has been simulated in forward flight for two different angles
of attack and in hover with the nose fan rotating at maximum velocity.

• https://drive.google.com/file/d/17OPvWRsmWuNvbSVpqRPAk42pU2pm9yau/view?usp=sharing