THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS
TOPIC COVERED:
1.INTRODUCTION
2.TYPES OF THERMODYNAMICS
3.THERMODYNAMICS TERMINOLOGY
4.TYPES OF SYSTEM
5.STATE VARIABLES OF A SYSTEM
6.THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
7.PROPERTIES OF SYSTEM
THERMODYNAMICS:
(THERMO + DYNAMICS)
 MOTION OF THERMAL ENERGY
P1 P2
V1 V2
T T
N N

 AT CONSTANT TEMPRETURE:
P1V1=P2V2 (BOYLE’S LAW)

 BRANCH OF SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH MOVEMENT OF

THERMAL ENERGY FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER PLACE
IS CALLED THERMODYNAMICS
TYPES OF THERMODYNAMICS:
 CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS :
APPLICABLE FOR MACROSCOPIC OBJECT
 STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS :
APPLICABLE FOR MICROSCOPIC OBJECT

IN THIS CHAPTER WE WILL DEAL WITH

STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS

LIMITATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS :
 TIME IS NOT A THERMODYNAMIC VARIABLE
THERMODYNAMICS TERMINOLOGY:
 UNIVERSE : TOTAL AVAILABLE SPACE IN
WHICH THERMODYNAMICS IS STUDIED
 SYSTEM : PART OF UNIVERSE UNDER STUDY
 SURROUNDING : UNIVERSE EXCEPT SYSTEM

SYSTEM+SURROUNDING=UNIVERSE

 BOUNDARY:SURFACE SEPARATING SYESTEM

AND SURROUNDING
NOTE: THE INFLOW AND OUTFLOW OF ENERGY FROM THE
SYSTEM HAPPENS THROUGH BOUNDARY.
CLASSIFICATION OF BOUNDARY :
 1. ON THE BASIS OF HEAT FLOW :

DIATHERMIC:THESE ARE THE BOUNDARY WHICH

ALLOWS PASSAGE OF HEAT THROUGH IT
ADIABATIC :THESE ARE THE BOUNDARY WHICH
DOES NOT ALLOW THE PASSAGE OF HEAT THROUGH
IT
 2. ON THE BASIS OF PRESENCE :
REAL
IMAGINARY
 3.ON THE BASIS OF NATURE :
RIGID
FLEXIBLE
TYPES OF SYSTEM :
 1.OPEN SYSTEM
 2.CLOSED SYSTEM
 3.ISOLATED SYSTEM
 OPEN SYSTEM: SYSTEM WHICH EXCHANGES
MASS AND ENERGY WITH SURROUNDING
E.G : HOT TEA IN A CUP
PLANTS
HUMAN BODY
 CLOSED SYSTEM : A SYSTEM WHICH
EXCHANGES ONLY ENERGY WITH THE
SURROUNDING BUT DOES NOT EXCHANGE
MASS
E.G : HOT TEA IN A COVERED FLASK
REFRIGIRATOR
TUBELIGHT
 ISOLATED SYSTEM : SYSTEM WHICH NEITHER
EXCHANGE MASS NOR EXCHANGE ENERGY
WITH THE SURROUNDING IS CALLED
ISOLATED SYSYTEM.
E.G : HOT TEA IN A THERMOS FLASK
Q.FIND THE INCORRECT STATEMENT

1. OPEN SYSTEM HAS 3. CLOSED SYSTEM HAS

ATLEAST ONE DIATHERMIC
IMAGINARY BOUNDARY
BOUNDARY

2. OPEN SYSTEM HAS 4. ISOLATED SYSTEM

DIATHERMIC HAS ADIABATIC
BOUNDARY BOUNDARY
STATE VARIABLE OF A SYSTEM :

 STATE VARIABLES :

1.PRESSURE(P)
2.VOLUME(V)
3.MOLE(n)
4.TEMPERATURE(T)
 STATE OF A SYSTEM : A SET OF STATE
VARIABLE IS CALLED STATE OF A SYSTEM
E.G :
[P1V1n1T1] => STATE 1
[P2V2n1T1] => STATE 2
[P2V3n2T2] => STATE 3

NOTE :CHANGE IN ANY ONE OF THE STATE VARIABLE CAN RESULT

TO THE CHANGE IN TOTAL STATE OF THE SYSTEM
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS :
 THE PROCESS DONE TO CHANGE THE STATE OF
SYSTEM IS CALLED THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
 THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF THERMO DYNAMIC

PROCESSES :
1.ISOTHERMAL PROCESS(TEMP. CONST.)
2.ISOBARIC PROCESS(PRESSURE CONST.)
3.ISOCHORIC PROCESS(VOLUME CONST.)
4.ADIABATIC PROCESS(q=0)
5.CYCLIC PROCESS(INITIAL AND FINAL STATE
SAME)
PROPERTIES OF SYSTEM :
 STATE FUNCTION AND PATH FUNCTION :
STATE FUNCTION : PROPERTIES WHICH
DEPENDS ONLY ON INITIAL AND FINAL STATE
OF THE SYSTEM AND NOT ON THE PROCESS
ARE CALLED STATE FUNCTION
E.G : TEMP.,PRESSURE,ENERGY
PATH FUNCTION : PROPERTIES WHICH DEPEND
UPON INITIAL AND FINAL STATE OF THE
SYSTEM AS WELL AS PROCESS OR PATH
E.G : WORK etc.
 NOTE : CHANGE IN STATE FUNCTION
(FINAL VALUE – INITIAL VALUE)

1.WE CAN USE ONLY DELTA ( ) ONLY BEFORE STATE FUNCTION

2.ONLY THREE PATH FUNCTION ARE THERE IN THERMODYNAMICS

i. q (HEAT)
ii. w (WORKDONE)
iii. c (HEAT CAPACITY)
EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE PROPERTIES :
 EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES : PROPERTIES WHICH
DEPENDS ON SIZE AND MASS OF SYSTEM
E.G : VOLUME,MASS,MOL,ENERGY etc.
 INTENSIVE PROPERTIES : PROPERTIES WHICH DO
NOT DEPEND ON MASS OR SIZE OF SYSTEM.
E.G : TEMP.,PRESSURE,DENSITY etc.

IMP :
1.INTENSIVE PROPERTIES ARE NON-ADDITIVE BUT
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES ARE ADDITIVE
2.EXTENSIVE/EXTENSIVE = INTENSIVE
SOME POINTS TO REMEMBER :
 ALL THE CONCENTRATION TERMS ARE INTENSIVE
(M,m,,X,Ph.PPM etc.)
 ALL THE TEMPERATURE OF SUBSTANCE ARE

INTENSIVE (B.P,F.P,M.P etc.)

 ALL TERMS OF ENERGY ARE EXTENSIVE (U,H,G,S etc.)

 ALL CONSTANT OF K FAMILY ARE INTENSIVE

(k,Ke,Kp,Ka,Kb,Kw etc.)
 ANY PROPERTY WITH PREFIX MOLAR OR SPECIFIC IS

ALWAYS INTENSIVE
(MOLAR MASS,MOLAR ENTHALPY,MOLAR
ENTROPY,MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY,SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY,SPECIFIC RESISTANCE etc.)
THANK YOU
MASTER SMRUTI RANJAN SWAIN