INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

lecture 1

Mwangi K J (Msc Anat)

The Human Body – An Orientation

• Anatomy – study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
Slide 1.1
 Subdivisions of anatomy
a) Gross anatomy= or macroscopic anatomy/ morphology/-
topographic anatomy
b) Histology= or microscopic anatomy/ histomorphology
c) Embryology:- developmental anatomy
d) Radiological anatomy- this is the transition from laboratory
to the live anatomy in the ward set up.
NB> All this have Clinical correlates

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
 .

• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily
observable
• Spatial
arrangement of
target organs
• Routes of drug
administration
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
, 2023
Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them14.4

Figure in truth" September 9
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Slide 1.2b
Levels of Structural Organization

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

Figure 1.1 , 2023
Slide 1.3
Organ System Overview

• Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
Figure 1.2a , 2023
Slide 1.4
Organ System Overview

• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
Figure 1.2b , 2023
Slide 1.5
Organ System Overview

• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

Figure 1.2c , 2023
Slide 1.6
Organ System Overview

• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth"
Figure 1.2d September 9
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Slide 1.7
Organ System Overview

• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth"

Figure 1.2e September 9
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Slide 1.8
Organ System Overview

• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate themFigure
in truth" 1.2f September 9
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Slide 1.9
Organ System Overview

• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth"

Figure 1.2g September 9
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Slide 1.10
Organ System Overview

• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth"

Figure 1.2h September 9
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Slide 1.11
Organ System Overview

• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth"

Figure 1.2i September 9
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Slide 1.12
Organ System Overview

• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth"
Figure 1.2j September 9
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Slide 1.13
Organ System Overview

• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring

Figure 1.2k
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
, 2023
Slide 1.14
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
, 2023
Slide 1.15
Necessary Life Functions

• Metabolism – chemical reactions within

the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
Slide 1.16a
Necessary Life Functions

• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
Slide 1.16b
 Survival Needs

• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
Kweri joseph kariuki Slide 1.17a
Survival Needs

• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
Slide 1.17b
Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a stable internal

environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance
in homeostasis resulting in disease
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
, 2023
Slide 1.18
Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through neural

and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
• Sends information to control center

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
Slide 1.19a
Maintaining Homeostasis

• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
, 2023
Slide 1.19b
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
, 2023
Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
Slide 1.20a
 Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive Feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
• In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
, 2023
Slide 1.21
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
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Orientation and Directional Terms

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9 Table 1.1
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Slide 1.22
Orientation and Directional Terms

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" Table

September 9 1.1 (cont)
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Slide 1.23
Body Landmarks

• Anterior

Figure
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA 1.5a them in truth"
"Consecrate September 9
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Slide 1.24
Body Landmarks

• Posterior

Figure 1.5b
Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
, 2023
Slide 1.25
Body Planes

Figure 1.6 Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9
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Slide 1.26
Body Cavities

Figure 1.7 K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth"

Mwangi September 9
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Slide 1.27
 Performance Objectives –
Did we learn this?
• Define Anatomy and Physiology.
• Describe the relationship between structure and function.
• Define basic directional terms.
• Describe the anatomical position.
• Describe the major cavities of the body.

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
 Performance Objectives
continued
• Describe the levels of organization of the body and give
major characteristics of each level.
• List the organ systems.
• Define homeostasis and explain why it is important.
• Describe the negative-feedback system and the positive-
feedback system and their relationship to homeostasis.

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023
 Performance Objectives
continued
• Name and describe the three major planes of the body or
organ.
• Hint: Begin to study material now! Good students often
review a chapter over 20 times before taking exams! If
uncertain how to study, ask me for directions of SAQs!
• Get help soon – if you need it! We want you to be
successful!

Mwangi K J Human Anatomy CUEA "Consecrate them in truth" September 9

, 2023