Multiple-Row Subqueries

Multiple-Row Subquery
• Uses the multiple-row operators (IN, ANY, and ALL)

• Returns one or more rows to the outer query

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 IN Operator
• Once the inner query executes and returns a result
set

• The IN operator is used by the outer query to

determine whether the current row of the outer
query is found in the list returned by the inner
query

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 IN Operator – Example
• List employees who have a salary equal to the
highest salary of any department
• This requires two queries:
– INNER query to determine the highest salary for each
department
– OUTER query uses the list of salaries from inner query to
determine which employee's have a salary equal to any
of the salaries

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 IN Operator – INNER Subquery
• Return the highest salary for each department
• Returns multiple rows

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IN Operator – INNER Subquery

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 IN Operator – Outer Query
• Determine which employee's have a salary equal to
any of the salaries in the list

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IN Operator - Combined

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 > ALL Operator
• Used when the outer query WHERE clause needs to
select the rows that are:

– Greater than ALL (> ALL) – greater than the highest

value

– Greater than or equal to ALL (>= ALL) – greater than or

equal to the highest value

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 > ALL Operator
– > ALL means greater than all the values returned
from the subquery
– That is, greater than highest value

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 > ALL Operator
– > ALL means greater than all the values returned
from the subquery
– That is, greater than highest value

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> ALL Operator

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 < ALL Operator
• Used when the outer query WHERE clause needs to
select the rows that are:

– Less than ALL (< ALL) – less than the lowest value

– Less than or equal to ALL (<= ALL) – less than or equal

to the lowest value

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 < ALL Operator
– < ALL means less than all the values returned from
the subquery
– That is, less than the lowest value

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 < ALL Operator
– < ALL means less than all the values returned from
the subquery
– That is, less than the lowest value

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 > ANY Operator
• Used when the outer query WHERE clause needs
to select the rows that are:

– Greater than ANY (> ANY) – greater than the lowest

value

– Greater than or equal to ANY (>= ANY) – greater than

or equal to the lowest value

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 > ANY Operator
– > ANY means greater than at least one value
returned in the subquery result set
– That is, greater than lowest value

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 > ANY Operator
– > ANY means greater than at least one value
returned in the subquery result set
– That is, greater than lowest value

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> ANY Operator

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 < ANY Operator
• Used when the outer query WHERE clause needs
to select the rows that are:

– Less than ANY (< ANY) – less than the highest value

– Less than or equal to ANY (<= ANY) – less than or equal

to the highest value

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 < ANY Operator
– < ANY means less than at least one value returned
in the subquery result set
– That is, less than the highest value

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 ANY Operator
– < ANY means less than at least one value returned
in the subquery result set
– That is, less than the highest value

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 IN and ANY Operator and NULL Values
• NULL value is returned from a subquery
• IN or ANY operators are used in the outer query
• Outer query returned rows that match the non-null
values

• Example, return manager names from the

employee's table

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IN and ANY Operator and NULL Values

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IN and ANY Operator and NULL Values

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 ALL operator and NULL Values
• ALL operator is used in an outer query

• The inner query returns a NULL value

• The outer query returns no rows because ALL

compares the outer query row with every value
returned by the subquery, including the NULL value

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ALL Operator and NULL Values

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Correlated Subqueries

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 Single-Row and Multiple-Row Subqueries
• The subquery executes once
• The results from the subquery are returned to the
search condition of the outer query
• The outer query is executed based on the value of
the search condition
• The subquery can be executed independently of the
outer query

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 Correlated Subquery
• A subquery that contains a reference to one or
more columns in the outer query
• Executed once for each row processed by the outer
query

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 Correlated Subquery
Example
• List all employees in the EMPLOYEES table that
have a salary greater than the average salary for
their department

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Correlated Subquery
Example

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