RESTRICTED

FUNDAMENTALS OF PEACE SUPPORT

OPERATIONS

BY
BRIG GEN AI ADEDIGBA fdc (+) Ph D

TO

PARTICIPANTS OF AIR WAR COLLEGE COURSE 9/2023

AT THE
AIR FORCE WAR COLLEGE, MAKURDI

28 AUGUST 2023

RESTRICTED 1
 RESTRICTED

INTRODUCTION

RESTRICTED 2
 RESTRICTED

INTRODUCTION

 Throughout history, humans have engaged

in conflict with one another, whether over
resources, territory, ideology or other
factors.

 Conflict are a natural part of human

interaction and it is important to manage
them effectively to prevent them from
escalating into violence or causing harm to
individuals or communities.

RESTRICTED 3
 RESTRICTED

INTRODUCTION(CONT)
 If conflict result into violence or harm
with widespread effect and
implications, it is imperative to manage
it effectively to minimize the effect of
violence and harm as well as promote
peaceful and sustainable solutions.

 The promotion of peace and

sustainable solutions can be
uninitiated at local, national, sub
regional, regional and international
levels depending on the dimension of
the conflict.

RESTRICTED 4
 RESTRICTED

INTRODUCTION (CONT)

 The range of activities undertaken

by regional or the international
community to support the
establishment or maintenance of
peace and security in areas
affected by conflict or instability
connotes Peace Support
Operations.

RESTRICTED 5
 RESTRICTED

PURPOSE

To introduce you participants of Air Force

War College Course 9/2023 to the
fundamentals of Peace Support Operations

RESTRICTED 6
 RESTRICTED

AIM

To discuss the fundamentals of Peace

Support Operations with you participants
of Air War College Course 9/23 with a
view to highlighting best practices for
successful peace support operations.

RESTRICTED 7
 RESTRICTED

SCOPE
DEFINITION OF TERMS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

TYPES OF PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

KEY ELEMENTS OF PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

CHALLENGES OF PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

BEST PRACTICES FOR SUCCESSFUL PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

8
RESTRICTED
 RESTRICTED

DEFINITION OF TERMS

9
RESTRICTED
 RESTRICTED

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

A range of activities undertaken
by the United Nations and other Categories of
international actors to maintain Peace
Support
international peace and security Operations
throughout the world

Peacekeeping Operations monitors

and supports the establishment of
peace, usually in the context of a
peace agreement.

Peace Enforcement Operations

creates conditions for peace and
are permitted to use force.

RESTRICTED 10
 RESTRICTED

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

 Established in 2011
 Aims to support the political
transition
 Facilitate national reconciliation
 Provide assistance in the security
sector reform
 Engage in mediation efforts
 Support peace talks among the
various Libyan factions

RESTRICTED 11
 RESTRICTED

AUTHORISATION FOR PEACE SUPPORT

OPERATIONS

Chapter Chapter
VI
 Authority for Peacekeeping
Operations VII
 Authority for Peace
Enforcement Operations

 Mandate
 Mandate

Charter of the United Nations

RESTRICTED 12
 RESTRICTED

PEACE KEEPING OPERATIONS

A technique designed to preserve
the peace, however fragile, where
Nature of
fighting has been halted, and to Peacekeeping
assist in implementing agreements Operations
achieved by the peacemakers

 Missions conducted by the UN, other

regional bodies such as the AU, ECOWAS
and EU.
 Involves the deployment of armed forces,
police officers and civilian personnel to
conflict zones to help maintain peace and
The United Nations security.
Mission in South Sudan  Its importance lies in its ability to prevent
established in 2011 is the escalation of violence, protect civilians
one of the largest and facilitate the resolution of conflicts
ongoing peacekeeping through diplomatic means.
missions.

RESTRICTED 13
 RESTRICTED

PEACE ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS

The use of military force, with or without
the consent of the parties involved, to
restore peace and security in a conflict- Nature of
ridden area, particularly when the Peace
Enforcement
situation poses a threat to international
Operations
peace and security

 Involves a more robust and coercive approach.

 Often deployed when diplomatic efforts and

negotiations have failed to resolve the conflict
or when there is a need to protect civilians
from imminent harm.
The United Nations
Organization Stabilization
Mission in the Democratic
 Its importance lies in its ability to address
Republic of the Congo situations where peaceful means have been
(MONUSCO), ongoing since exhausted or are ineffective in resolving
2010, is one of the largest conflicts.
peace enforcement missions.

RESTRICTED 14
 RESTRICTED

PEACE BUILDING OPERATIONS

A range of activities aimed at

preventing the outbreak,
Nature of
recurrence, or continuation of Peace Building
violent conflict and fostering Operations
sustainable peace

 Involves long-term efforts to address the root

causes of conflicts, promote reconciliation,
and build resilient institutions and societies.

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions  Its significance is in promoting international

have been established in countries, security and stability as it focuses on
such as South Africa, Rwanda and
Sierra Leone to promote healing, addressing the underlying drivers of conflicts
accountability and reconciliation after and creating conditions for lasting peace.
periods of intense conflict or mass
human rights violations.

RESTRICTED 15
 RESTRICTED

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
OF PEACE SUPPORT
OPERATIONS

16
RESTRICTED
 RESTRICTED

Timeline of United Nations Peace Support Operations

League of Nations establish First UN operation known

the International Labour as United Nations Truce UN
Organization and the Supervision Organization
Permanent Court of established following the
established 15
International Justice 1948 Arab-Israeli War PSOs

1919/20 1945 1948 1960 -1999 2000-2017

United UN established
Nations 51 PSOs
established

17
RESTRICTED
 RESTRICTED

TYPES OF PEACE SUPPORT

OPERATIONS

18
RESTRICTED
 RESTRICTED

TYPES OF PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

CONFLICT PREVENTION

The employment of complementary

diplomatic, civil, and, when necessary,
military means to monitor and identify
the causes of conflict and take timely
action to prevent the occurrence,
escalation, or resumption of hostilities.

Conflict
PEACEMAKING
PEACE ENFORCEMENT
A diplomatic process aimed at
consist of coercive measures, including
establishing a cease fire or an
the employment or threat of military
otherwise peaceful settlement of a
force, to restore peace and security or
conflict. Usually accomplished by a
for humanitarian and civilian protection
special political mission that involves
purposes.
few, if any, military personnel
PEACEKEEPING
Are undertaken with the consent of all major
Ceasefire parties to a dispute and are normally designed
to monitor and facilitate implementation of an
agreement to support diplomatic efforts to
reach a long-term political settlement.
Political
Process
Peace building provides the reconstruction and societal
rehabilitation necessary to resolve core conflict issues or
prevent further outbreaks of violent conflict

RESTRICTED 119
 RESTRICTED

KEY ELEMENTS OF PEACE

SUPPORT OPERATIONS

20
RESTRICTED
 RESTRICTED

KEY ELEMENTS OF PEACE SUPPORT

OPERATIONS

• PSOs require a clear and specific

Authorization mandate that is authorized by the
United Nations Security Council or
and Mandate regional organizations, such as the
African Union or the European Union.

• PSO require an invitation or,

Consent of at a minimum, consent of all
the Parties the major parties to the
conflict.

• While a peacekeeping force is

Impartiality impartial to a dispute, it may be
and mandated to support the
improvement of host government
Neutrality capacity

RESTRICTED 21

KEY ELEMENTS OF PEACE SUPPORT
OPERATIONS (CONTD)
Use of Force and Rules of
Engagement
The use of force must be authorized by
the PSO mandate, and must be based
on the principles of necessity,
proportionality and minimum use of
force.
Rules of engagement define the
circumstances under which force can
be used, and the level of force that
can be used.
A misuse of force can have a negative
impact upon the legitimacy of the
PSO.
RESTRICTED
Coordination and Cooperation
with Other Actors
PSOs must work closely
with other international and
regional organizations, as
well as with national and
local actors, to ensure a
comprehensive and
integrated approach to
peace and security
RESTRICTED 22
 RESTRICTED

CHALLENGES OF PEACE
SUPPORT OPERATIONS

23
RESTRICTED
 RESTRICTED

CHALLENGES OF PEACE SUPPORT

OPERATIONS
• The absence of clear objectives can •Insufficient funding, lack of
lead to mission creep, where specialized personnel,
peacekeepers become entangled in equipment, technology,
complex political and humanitarian inadequate training and
challenges beyond their original scope. logistical support can hamper
Example, UNMISS the operational capacity and
lability of PSOs to carry out
Lack of Clear Inadequate their mandate Example,
AMISOM
Mandates Resources
and and
Objectives Capabilities

Political Security
Environment
and Local Threats
Resistance and Risks
•Security threats can undermine
the effectiveness of PSOs by
• The political obstacles and resistance can limiting their ability to carry out
undermine their effectiveness, the their mandate, protecting
credibility and legitimacy of the PSO as civilian populations, and
ensuring the safety and security
well as limit their ability to carry out the of PSO personnel. Example,
mandate. Example, UNAMA MONUSCO

RESTRICTED 24
 RESTRICTED

BEST PRACTICES FOR

SUCCESSFUL PEACE
SUPPORT OPERATIONS

25
RESTRICTED
 RESTRICTED

BEST PRACTICES FOR SUCCESSFUL

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

• Addressing the political,

security, humanitarian, and
Comprehensiv development dimensions of
e and conflicts
Integrated
Approach
• Promoting a coordinated
and coherent response

• Developing clear and

achievable objectives,
Effective tasks and responsibilities
Planning
and • Establishing effective
Coordinatio communication,
n information sharing and
collaboration mechanisms

RESTRICTED 26
 RESTRICTED

BEST PRACTICES FOR SUCCESSFUL

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS (CONTD)

Respect for Human Cooperation and

Flexibility and Coordination with
Adaptability Rights and Gender
Equality Local Actors

The ability to adjust Building partnerships

strategies, priorities Ensuring that PSO and networks, and
and resources personnel are trained involving local actors
and equipped to in decision-making
processes.
promote and protect
Adopt innovative and human rights.
creative approaches Cooperation and
to peace and coordination can help
security challenges PSO activities are to ensure that PSOs
gender-sensitive and are responsive to the
responsive needs and priorities
of conflict-affected
populations

RESTRICTED 27
RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED 28
 RESTRICTED

CONCLUSION

RESTRICTED 29
 RESTRICTED

REFERENCE
United Nations. (2015). A Brief History of UN Peacekeeping. Retrieved from
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/brief-history-un-peacekeeping
 
Bellamy, A. J. (2010). The evolution of peacekeeping. International Affairs, 86(4), 817-836. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00917.
 
Thakur, R., & Schnabel, A. (Eds.). (2011). United Nations peacekeeping operations: Adapting to new challenges and changing
mandates. Routledge.
 
Bellamy, A. J. (2010). The evolution of peacekeeping. International Affairs, 86(4), 817-836. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00917.
 
United Nations. (2021). United Nations peacekeeping operations. Retrieved from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/what-we-do
 
United Nations. (n.d.). United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). Retrieved from
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unmil
United Nations. (n.d.). United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL). Retrieved from
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unamsil
 
United Nations. (n.d.). African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). Retrieved from
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/amisom
 
Bellamy, A. J. (2010). The evolution of peacekeeping. International Affairs, 86(4), 817-836. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00917.
 

RESTRICTED 30
 RESTRICTED

REFERENCE (CONT)
United Nations Peacekeeping. (n.d.). Types of peace operations. Retrieved from
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/types-peace-operations
 
Johnston, N. (2004). Peace Support Operations in Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace: A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action.
London: International Alert.
 
United Nations. (1992). An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking
and peace-keeping. New York: United Nations.
 
United Nations. (1999). The Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (Brahimi Report). New York: United Nations.
 
United Nations. (2009). Report of the Secretary-General on Peacebuilding in the Immediate Aftermath of Conflict. New York:
United Nations.
 
United Nations. (2018). UN Peacekeeping: 70 Years of Service and Sacrifice.
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/un-peacekeeping-70-years-of-service-sacrifice accessed 2 August 2023.
 
United Nations. (n.d.). United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO).
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/united-nations-truce-supervision-organization-unts accessed on 31 July 2023.
 
United Nations. (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Principles and Guidelines.
http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf s. 12-43.
 

RESTRICTED 31
 RESTRICTED

REFERENCE (CONT)
UN Spider, (2023). MINUSTAH - United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.
https://un-spider.org/minustah-united-nations-stabilization-mission-haiti accessed 6 August 2023.
 
UNIOGBIS. 2021. UNIOGBIS Legacy Book: A History of Peacebuilding in Guinea-Bissau. UNIOGBIS Public Information Unit.
 
United Nations. (2013). United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)".
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minusma/index.shtml. Accessed 6 August 2023.
 
Releifweb. (2013). The African Union Transition Mission in Somalia.
https://reliefweb.int/organization/atmis accessed 6 August 2023.
 
de Coning, C. and Da Costa, D.F. (2014). 'United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS)', in Joachim A.
Koops and others (eds), The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (2015; online edn, Oxford Academic, 2
Sept. 2014), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.13, accessed 6 Aug. 2023.
 
(UN Security Council Press Release. (1999). "Security Council, welcoming Yugoslavia's acceptance of peace principles, authorises
civil, security presence in Kosovo". United Nations. 10 June 1999. Press Release SC/6686.
 

RESTRICTED 32
 RESTRICTED

REFERENCE (CONT)
United Nations Peacekeeping. 2023). UNFIL Fact Sheet. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unifil accessed 5 August 2023.
 
UN Peacekeeping. (2023). Principles of Peacekeeping.
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/principles-of-peacekeeping accessed 5 August 2023.
 
Stimson Center. (2002). Rebuilding Afghanistan: The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). Stimson
Center. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10864 accessed 6 August 2023.
 
Norrie, M. (2014). 'United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)', in Joachim A. Koops and others (eds), The
Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (2015; online edn, Oxford Academic, 2 Sept. 2014),
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.67, accessed 6 Aug. 2023.
 
Autesserre, S. (2014). Peaceland: Conflict resolution and the everyday politics of international intervention. Cambridge University
Press.
 
Bellamy, A. J., & Williams, P. D. (2019). Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Global Challenges. Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of International Studies.
 

RESTRICTED 33
 RESTRICTED

REFERENCE (CONT)
Diehl, P. F., & Balas, A. (2016). Peace Operations. In The Oxford Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect (pp. 320-335). Oxford
University Press.
 
Dobbins, J., Jones, S. G., Runkle, B., Crane, K., & Rathmell, A. (2016). The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to
Iraq. RAND Corporation.
 
Williams, P.D. (2013). Fighting for Peace in Somalia: AMISOM’s Seven Strategic Challenge. Journal of International Peacekeeping
17 (2013) 222–247.

RESTRICTED 34