Gas Turbine

Operation and Maintenance

 Gas Turbine
OPERATION, PERFORMANCE AND MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to the gas turbine engine

Gas Turbine Engine Classification

I- Industrial Gas Turbine
II- Air craft Gas Turbine

Major gas turbine implementation

• Aircraft propulsion,
• Oil and gas pipeline pumping
• Offshore platforms
• Utility power generation
• Ship propulsion
• Equipment Prime mover
CHAPTER 2

Energy transmission in gas turbine engines

CHAPTER 3

Fluid flow in gas turbines

 Air in the compressor stages.
 How pressure builds up through the compressor
stages.
 Flue gas in the turbine stages.
 Air in the combustion chamber
CHAPTER 4
Gas turbine engine performance and specifications
1- Code and Standards
2- performance and
specifications
CHAPTER 5
Selected topics on gas turbine component design

CHAPTER 6

Maintenance of gas turbines

CHAPTER 7

Miscellaneous
• Gas Turbine Thrust balance
• Dry gas seal system
• Gas Turbine Thrust balance
• Dry gas seal system
• Bearings
CHAPTER 1

Introduction to the
gas turbine engine
 Preface
The aircraft gas turbine engines test ran and
produced thrust for the first time in 1937.
After 1945, aircraft gas turbine development
efforts have been directed towards increasing
pressure ratios, turbine inlet temperatures,
component efficiencies, bypass ratios,
reliability and durability.
As a result, the specific fuel consumption of
the turbo-machine has been reduced and thrust
to weight ratios have increased.
The turbo-machine is now one of the
worlds most important prime movers.

The first jet engine developed only a few

hundred pounds of thrust, while the latest
generation of engines exceed 100,000
pounds thrust.

The engines for the land-based power

plants exceed 250MW in power output.
* Major gas turbine implementation

• Aircraft propulsion,
• Oil and gas pipeline pumping
• Offshore platforms
• Utility power generation
• Ship propulsion
• Equipment Prime mover
 * Gas Turbine Engine Classification

I- Industrial Gas Turbine The output is the all shaft power

II- Air craft Gas Turbine The output can range from 100%
thrust or essentially all shaft power
A- Turbo propeller
All of the power output is used to turn the propeller shaft.
a gear box is used between the engine and propeller
B- Turbofan
The power output is split between thrust and power to turn
the fan which comes after the compressor.
C- Turbo Jet
All of the power output is used in a form of thrust
I- Industrial Gas Turbine GAS GENERATOR
TURBINES
COMBUSTOR

AIR COMPRESSOR

EXHAUST
DIFFUSER

AIR INLET
AIR
FUEL
EXHAUST

EXHAUST
FUEL
AIR
II- Air craft Gas Turbine
A- Turbo propeller
All of the power output is used to turn the propeller shaft.

Combustion
chamber

Propeller Compressor Turbine

B- Turbofan

The power output is split between

1- power to turn the fan 2- Jet thrust

Fan Compressor Turbine Exhaust

C- Turbo Jet
All of the power output is used in a form of Jet thrust

Compressor Turbine Exhaust

 .Compact type GT

Compressor Wheel
Turbine Wheel

AIR IN

EXHAUST

AIR OUT
FLUE GASES

Combustion Chamber
 .Compact type GT
Compressor and Turbine Wheels
Shaft Attachment
CHAPTER 2

Energy transmission
in gas turbine engines
 Fuel

Atmospheric Air

COMPRESSOR TURBINE

PCD = 8 to 12 bar Pressure is constant

Power distribution Assuming 100% Efficiency

COMBUSTION EXHAUST
CHAMBER
FUEL

35 MW
55 MW

25 MW

COLD AIR HOT AIR

20 MW

20 MW 35 MW 10 MW

LOAD
COMPRESSOR
TURBINE
Sankey diagram

Exhaust
70% Radiation& Mechanical losses
2%

Mechanical power
28%

Compressor Power

Fuel Input
100%
Turbine Power
 Gas Turbine Combined Cycle
BOILER

COMPRESSOR TURBINE

STEAM
Generator Hot
Gas

STEAM
Generator
TURBINE
CHAPTER 3

Fluid flow in
gas turbines
 * Gas Turbine performance

Compressor C T Exhaust
o u
TEMRERATURE

m r
b b
u i
s n
t e
o
r
PRESSURE
 FLUIDS FLOW
KINAMATIC ENERGY P2

P1

Plus Thermal energy

2
2
P1 V2 P2
V1 CONSTANT +
2g
+ 2g

v <v
2 1 P >P
2 1
 TOTAL ENERGY DIMENTIONS

2 2 2
ft ft 2
V sec sec
= ( ft )
= = ft
2g ft
2
sec 2 sec

Lb
3
P ft
2 ft
( ft )
= Lb
= 2
=
density 3
ft
ft
AIR IN COMPRESSOR STAGES

STATOR COMP. STATOR

BLADES BLADES BLADES

FIXED MOVING FIXED

AIR IN COMPRESSOR STAGES AIR PRESSURE THROUGH
COMPRESSOR BLADES
HAS NO CHANGE
STATOR BLADES AS X = X
ACT AS DIFFUSER
AS Y2 > Y1
Y2
X

X
Y1

STATOR COMP. STATOR

BLADES BLADES BLADES
FIXED MOVING FIXED
 HOW PRESSURE BUILDS UP
IN COMPRESSOR STAGES

STATOR BLADES ACT AS DIFFUSER

VOLUME INCREASED
PRESSURE INCREASED
VELOCITY (IN STATOR ) DECREASED
VELOCITY (IN MOVING ) INCREASED

VELOCITY IS CONSTANT
ALONG THE COMPRESSOR STATOR COMP. STATOR
V inlet = V outlet BLADES BLADES
MOVING
BLADES
FIXED FIXED
Axial Flow Compressor Pressure

Constant Velocity
Velocity

Pressure increased

Pressure

Stator Rotor Stator Rotor Stator

 FLUE GASES
IN GAS TURBINE.

STATOR STATOR
BLADES TURBINE BLADES
FIXED BLADES
FIXED
MOVING
 FLUE GASES
IN GAS TURBINE.

STATOR BLADES
ACT AS NOZZELS

STATOR STATOR
TURBINE
BLADES BLADES
BLADES
FIXED MOVING FIXED
 HOW POWER GENERATES IN GT. STAGES

STATOR BLADES ACT AS NOZZELS

THE FLUE GASES VELOCITY ENERGY WILL BE

TRANSFERED TO TURBINE BLADES

ENERGY PARAMETERS THROUGH THE TURBINE INLET AND

OUTLET WILL BE :

PRESSURE DECREASED
VELOCITY DECREASED

TEMPERATURE DECREASED

VOLUME INCREASED
A AIR THROUGH COMPRESSOR STAGES

1- PRESSURE INCREASED

2- VELOCITY CONSTANT

3- TEMPERATURE INCREASED

4- VOLUME DECREASED
B AIR THROUGH COMBUSTION CHAMBERS

1- PRESSURE CONSTANT

2- TEMPERATURE INCREASED

3- VOLUME INCREASED
C FLUE GASES THROUGH TURBINE STAGES

1- PRESSURE DECREASED

2- VELOCITY DECREASED

3- TEMPERATURE DECREASED

4- VOLUME INCREASED
CHAPTER 4

Gas turbine engine

performance and specifications
 * Code and Standards

API STD 616 Gas Turbines for Petroleum,

Chemical, and Gas Industry Services

API RP 11PGT Recommended Practice for

Packaged Combustion Gas Turbines
 75% Ngp 100% Ngp
Supply Lube Oil to : • Variable Guide
• Turbine 65% Ngp vanes start to open
• Gear box • Starter Drop out • Bleed Valve
• Generator • Main L/O Pump
bearings start to close
• Accessory supply all pressure
driver • Back-up Lube Oil
Pump stopped
Ngp Percent

83 % Ngp
Turbine driven Bleed Valve
L/O Pump starts Fully closed
as Engine rotates
Purge
15% to 20% Ngp
Ignition Command
General System
Fuel valve opened Operational
START Sequence
COMMAND Single shaft
Generator Set
Back-up Lube Oil Commence
Pump started
Rotation
Elapsed time
 IN CASE OF GAS TURBINE
AIR COMPRESSOR SURGE
BLEED VALVE WILL OPEN

BLEED VALVE

COMPRESSOR TURBINE

43
SIMPLE CYCLE P-V DIAGRAM OF G.T.

COMBUSTION
P 2 3

TU
RB
CO

IN
MP

E(
EX
RE

PA
SSI

NS
IO
ON

N)
ATMS
1 4
V
 WHY GAS TURBINE
CONSIDERED AS

A THERMAL POWER
ENERGY MACHINE
 COMBUSTION
GAS TURBINE 2 3
POWER P

TU
RB
CO

IN
E
MP

(EX
RE
1- COMPRESSION STAGE

PA
NS
SSI

IO
ON

N)
ATMS
Wc = m * Cp ( T2 – T1 ) KW 1 4

2- COMBUSTION STAGE V
Wc= Compressor power kw
Q f = m * Cp ( T3 – T2 ) KW
Wt= Turbine power kw
Qf = Fuel produced power kw
3- TURBINE POWER STAGE m = Air mass flow kg/sec.
Cp = Specific heat kj/kg. k 0
Wt = m * Cp ( T3 – T4 ) KW T = Absolute Temperature k 0
OVERALL EFFICIENCY ξ T

ξ OUTPUT Wt - Wc
= * 100 = * 100
0 INPUT
Qf

( T3 – T4 ) – ( T2 – T1 )
= * 100
T3 – T2

( T3 –T2) – (T4 – T1 )
= * 100
T3 – T2
OVERALL EFFICIENCY ξ T

( T4 – T1 )
= 1 – * 100
( T3 – T2 )
 ξ
( T4 – T1 )
To improve
0
ξ
T
= 1 –
( T3 – T2 )

* EXHAUST TEMP. T4 TO BE AS LOW AS POSSIBLE

* FIRING TEMP T3 TO BE AS HIGH AS POSSIBLE

* COMP.OUT.TEMP. T2 TO BE AS LOW AS POSSIBLE

* T2 - T1 to be considered
 EXAMPLE
FIND THE Turbine EFFICIENCY OF
G.T HAS THE FOLLOWING DATA: -

1 – AMBIENT TEMPERATURE = 20 C O T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 KO

2 – FIRING TEMPERATURE = 950 CO T3 = 950 + 273 = 1223 KO
3 – EXHAUST TEMPERATURE = 490 CO T4 = 490 + 273 = 763 KO
O
4 – COMP. OUT TEMPERATURE = 300 CO T2 = 300 + 273 = 573 K

( T4 – T1 )
ξ 0
= 1 –
( T3 – T2 )
ξ 0
= 1 –
( 763 – 293 )
( 1223 – 573 )

( 470 )
ξ 0
= 1–
( 650 ) ξ 0
= 1 – ( 0.72 )

ξ 0
= 0. 28
= 28%
ENTHALPY AND KINETIC ENERGY

h = Cp T

Cp = 0.24 Btu / Ib F

Cp = 1.01 KJ / kg C
EXAMPLE
FIND THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY OF
G.TURBINE HAS THE FOLLOWING DATA: -

1 – AMBIENT TEMPERATURE T1 = 12
2– COMP. OUT TEMPERATURE T2 = 200
3 – EXHAUST TEMPERATURE T3 = 950
4– FIRING TEMPERATURE T4 = 340

1- T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
2- T2 = 300 + 273 = 573 K
3- T3 = 950 + 273 = 1223 K
4- T4 = 490 + 273 = 763 K

( T4 – T1 )
ξ = 1 –
( T3 – T2 )

( 763 – 293 )
ξ = 1 –
( 1223 – 573 )

ξ = 0.56
Two shaft TURBINE
LOW
Gas Turbine
COMP
PRESSURE HIGH COMPRESSOR
TURBINE
6000 RPM PRESS LOW
HIGH
9000 PRESSURE
PRESS
RPM 6000 RPM
9000
RPM

AIR

Gas Compressor
POWER Combustion Chamber
TURBINE
5000 RPM