GENETICS

REVIEW
GENETICS
• The study of heredity
• Heredity – The transfer of
traits from parents to their
offspring.
GREGOR MENDEL
• Austrian Monk
• Father of genetics
• Studied how
genes are passed
by using pea plant
 COMMON TERMS IN GENETICS
• Alleles
– Different forms of gene
on the same
chromosome
Phenotype
– Refers to its physical
characteristics
Genotype
– Description of genes for
a trait which is
indicated by a paired
symbol
 COMMON TERMS IN GENETICS
Dominant Trait
– Gene/trait that is commonly
expressed.
- Represented by a capital Letter

Recessive Trait
- Gene/trait that is often masked or
hidden in the presence of dominant trait.
- Only seen with another recessive gene
- Represented by a small letter.
COMMON TERMS IN GENETICS
• Homozygous
–refers to a particular gene that
has identical alleles
• Heterozygous
–Genes that are not identical to each
other
 COMMON TERMS IN GENETICS
• Progeny
– Offspring
• F1 Generation
– First filial generation
• F2 Generation
– Second Filial Generation
 AUTOSOMAL
TRAITS
• Any trait not
dependent on sex.
• Traits present on the
autosomes 
• Ex: Sickle cell
anemia, Hitchicker’s
thumb, etc
SEX-LINK TRAITS
• A gene carried
on one of the
pairs of sex
chromosomes
• Ex: Hemophilia,
Color Blindness,
baldness
 PUNNET SQUARE

•  A square diagram that is used to

predict the genotypes of a
particular cross or breeding
experiment.
• Monohybrid Cross
– A cross involving only one pair of
contrasting character
• Dihybrid Cross
–  A cross involving two pairs of
contrasting character.
 EXAMPLE OF MONOHYBRID
CROSS
• Ifa male pea plant which is
Homozygous tall is crossed with a
female pea plant which is homozygous
short what are the phenotypes and
genotypes of the offspring. (Tall is
dominant over short)
 MONOHYBRID CROSS
• In sheep, the allele for belly fur (A) is dominant to
the allele for no belly fur (a).
• Both parents have heterozygous gene for belly fur.
• A. What is the genotype ratio
• B. What is the phenotype ratio
• C. What is the probability that the offspring will
have no belly fur
 MONOHYBRID PROBLEMS

• Mr. Jensen is left-handed but both of his

parents are right-handed. Determine the
parents genotype and show the punnet
square
 MONOHYBRID PROBLEMS
• In pea plant, purple flowers are dominant
over white flowers. A heterozygous purple
plant is crossed with a homozygous purple
plant.
• Give the genotype and phenotype ratio
• What is the probability that the offspring will
have purple flowers? White flowers?
 DIHYBRID CROSS
• If a male pea plant, which is homozygous
tall and homozygous round for seed shape
is cross with a homozygous short and
homozygous wrinkled seed female plant,
what are the genotypes and phenotypes?
• (Tall is dominant over short and round is
dominant over wrinkled)
 DIHYBRID CROSS PROBLEMS
• In rabbits, white fur (W) is dominant to black (w),
and long ears (E) are dominant to short ears (e).
• A breeder mates two rabbits that are
heterozygous for both traits.
• Determine the phenotype and genotype ratio
• What is the chance that the offspring will be
black with long ears?
 DIHYBRID CROSS PROBLEMS
• In a flowering plant, tall (T) is dominant to short (t),
and blue flowers (B) is dominant to white flowers (b)
• A tall (Heterozygous) plant with white flowers is
crossed with a short plant with blue
flowers(Heterozygous).
• Determine the genotype and phenotype
• What is the chance that the offspring will be short
with white flowers?
 SEX LINKAGE TRAITS
• Some traits were inherited indifferently
in males and females.
• Linkage occurs between genes that lie
on the same chromosome
• Example: Color blindness, Hemophilia
 EXAMPLE
• Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait
• What is the probability of children being color-
blind, if a normal vision man marries a woman
who is a carrier of color blindness?
– A. What are the phenotypes of the offsprings?
– B. What is the probability that their daughters are
colorblind?
– C. What is the probability that their sons are color-
blind?
EXAMPLE
• Hemophilia or bleeder’s disease is a sex-linked recessive trait.
• What is the probability that the children will have hemophilia, if
the mother is hemophiliac and the father is normal?
• A. What are the phenotypes?
• B. What is the probability that the female progeny will be
hemophiliac?
• C. What is the probability that the male progeny will be
hemophiliac?
 EXAMPLES
• In drosophilia, white eye is a mutant
recessive trait, while red eye is the wild type
or the dominant trait. In a cross between a
white-eyed male and a homozygous red-eyed
female
• Determine the phenotype of the offspring
• What will be probability that the female
progeny will be a carrier.
MULTIPLE ALLELES
• A woman with Type O blood and a man who is Type AB have
are expecting a child.  What are the possible blood types of
the kid?
• What are the possible blood types of a child who's parents
are both heterozygous for "B" blood type?
• Determine the possible genotypes & phenotypes with
respect to blood type for a couple who's blood types  are
homozygous A & heterozygous B.
MULTIPLE ALLELES
• A person with type A blood is crossed with a
person with type B blood. They have an
offspring with type O blood. What are the
genotypes of the parents. Show the punnett
square.
• Candace has type B blood. Her husband Dan has
type AB blood. Is it possible for Candace and
Dan to have a child that has O blood?
GENETICS
 EXERCISE
• In cats, the allele for short hair (H) is dominant
to the allele for long hair (h).
• A heterozygous short-hair cat is crossed with a
long-hair cat.
• Determine the phenotype and genotype ratio
• What percentage of the offspring is expected
to be heterozygous for hair length?
 EXERCISE
• In tomatoes, tall vines (T) are dominant to dwarf
vines (t), and red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow
fruit (r).
• A farmer mates a homozygous tall, red tomato
plant with a heterozygous tall, red tomato plant.
• Determine the phenotype and genotype
• What is the percent chance that the offspring
will be dwarf plants with yellow fruit?
• A FEMALE carrier who is heterozygous for the
recessive sex-linked trait causing hemophilia
marries a normal mate.

• Determine the phenotype

• What is the probability that their son will be
hemophiliac.