MODULE 3

HIGH VOLTAGE INTERCONNECTED

POWER SYSTEM

1
 Background
 Even after the commercial generation of electricity began, industrial
utilization of electric power at production facilities remotely located from
the power generation utilities remained a major technical challenge.
 The discovery and practical applications of the theory of electromagnetic
induction stimulated further research efforts to overcome these technical
challenges in long distance transmission.

2
 Background
 After several efforts and attempts on the application of theory,
pioneers of electricity supply industry were quick to recognize the
benefits of a device that could transform power between different
voltage and current levels.
 Electrical power of say, 160MW, generated at 16000V, carries a current
of about 10,000A. The I2R, or Ohmic, losses of transmitting power in this
form make such venture unattractive.

Power P = IV (W)
I = Current (A), V= Voltage (V)
3
 WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEM?
The electric power system is the infrastructure that converts fuel and energy
resources into electric power (thus generating electricity) and carries and
manages that electric power from where it is generated to where it is used.
It is a system of systems that comprises physical networks that include fuel
and resources, power plants of many different varieties, electric transmission
and distribution equipments, measurement, information and control systems,
virtual networks of money, business relationships, and regulation.
Achieving balance among all of these elements is a fundamental challenge for
the planning, engineering, and operation of the overall system because of the
variability and uncertainty of load and unexpected equipment failures that
affect the generation and delivery of electricity.

4
WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEM?
The physical arrangement that converts energy in other forms to electrical
energy for efficient transfer to the point of utilization.

5
DEFINITION OF THE POWER
SYSTEM
It is a real-time energy conversion and delivery system .

Power is generated, transported, and utilized the

moment you turn on the light switch.

It is not storage system like water system and gas

system.

6
THE GRID
As an interconnection, it is a system of systems that comprises fuel resources,
power generators of many different varieties, electric transmission and
distribution line networks, measurement and information and control systems.
This system of systems is loosely referred to here as “the grid.”

7
Nigeria Grid Map

8
Advantages of HV Interconnection
RELIABILITY

SCALE ECONOMY

EFFICIENCY

SECURITY

STABILITY
9
POWER NETWORK OVERVIEW
The major sections of the power system are;
GENERATION – energy conversion and production of electric
power ready for HV transmission
TRANSMISSION –the efficient transportation of generated
electric power to load centers on HV
DISTRIBUTION – for the further transformation of power for
distribution on low voltage networks which delivers energy to
users.

10
Tasks in the Power System

Engineering
Operations & Control
Planning
Protection
Maintenance
Energy/Assets Management
Marketing & Billing

11
 Power Network Development
1870: Commercial use of electricity began in
the United States of America
1882: First electric power system was built by
Thomas Edison in New York.
1884: Electric motors were developed by Frank
Sprague.
1886: Limitation of DC network became
apparent;
1888: Nikolai Tesla developed the poly-phase
system.
1889: First AC transmission system in USA was
commissioned(1-phase, 4KV, over 21km long).
1896: Electricity generation began in Nigeria.
1929:The first utility company in Nigeria, the
Nigeria Electricity Supply Company- NESCO,
commenced operation with the construction
of a hydro electric dam in Kurra near Jos.
1951:The Electricity Corporation of Nigeria,
ECN was established in 1951 to control all
existing diesel/ coal fired isolated plants and
integrate power development.
1962:The Niger Dams Authority, NDA, was
established to develop the hydroelectric
potentials of Nigeria.
1972:The ECN and NDA were merged forming
NEPA.
12
Advent Of Electricity In Nigeria
1980s: It became clear that NEPA as a
monopoly was unable to meet the power
needs of Nigerians.
1988:Under the Commercialisation and
Privatisation Of Public Enterprises Decree no
25, NEPA was partially commercialised.
1999: Electricity sector attained 100 years
history.
2001:The National Electric Power Project was
created to set the policy framework for power
reforms.
March 2005:the Federal legislature passed the
Electric Power Sector Reform Act.
October 2005: NERC was inaugurated in
October as the sector regulator.
November 2005: 18 New successor
Companies comprising of 6 generation
companies, 1 transmission company and 11
distribution companies were incorporated.
2008:The Market Rules to guide the
operations in the electricity industry were
approved.
2011:Liquidation Committee established to
seamlessly wind down the operations of
PHCN.
November 1, 2013: Successor Companies took
over.
13
 SECTOR GROWTH OUTLOOK
Nigeria has an installed generation capacity of 8,644MW of which
6,905MW was government owned.

Over the past two decades, population has increased to 150 million,
with an average GDP growth rate of 6.66%, over the last 5 years1.
Within this period, power generation capacity has stagnated. These
factors, combined with inadequate maintenance of existing power
generation stations, have given rise to severe generation shortages.

It is estimated that 26,561MW will be required in the next 9 years to

meet demand as envisioned in the Vision 20: 2020 target.

14
Voltage Levels and Colour Codes in Nigeria
11kv Generation (11kv or 16kv)

Step-up Transmission
330kv 11/330kv or 16/330kv

Step-down Transmission
132kv 330/132kv

Step-down sub-Transmission
33kv 132/33kv

11kv Step-down primary Distribution

33/11kv
Step-down secondary Distribution
.415kv 11/.415kv

15
Generation Sector
Generation is the collection of power plants electrically connected to
the grid and ranging in size from very small, distributed units to
central stations rated at over 1,000 MW.
The Nigerian Power Generation sector can be detailed into the
following sub-sectors:

(a)Legacy Power Generation facilities.

(b)Independent Power Projects.
(c)National Integrated Power Projects.
16
GENERATION
Electric power generation takes place at the power station.
Simply put, a power station is an industrial facility for the production
or generation of electrical power. It is sometimes also referred to as
generating station or power plant.

17
GENERATION
Why is the study of power generation now of importance to the distribution
system operator?
The DSO is part of the overall power system and must therefore understand what
goes on in it.
It will enhance a better appreciation of his job.
He will better be able to interface with the transmission system operator and be on
the same technical page.
Embedded generation is a growing business concern which directly lies under the
operational jurisdiction of the DSO.
Energy retail trading will bring the generators and distributors together directly.

18
 INTRODUCTION CONT’D
POWER GENERATION MODELS
CAPTIVE POWER GENERATION: This is the off grid power generation
produced by industries and companies for their consumption, and spare
that may be distributed. NERC defines captive power as generation of
electricity exceeding 1MW for the purpose of consumption by the generator
(company) and which is consumed by the generator itself, and not sold to a
third party. Nigeria captive power is estimated at about 1500MW.
EMBEDDED POWER GENERATION: These are off- grid generators that are
connected directly to the distribution network. It could also be said to be
that from a power station that is embedded in a distribution network, which
it carries to homes and businesses. E.g. Geometric power at Aba.
19
 INTRODUCTION CONT’D
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION: This is a decentralized energy that is generated by a variety
of small, grid- connected generators referred to as distributed energy resources (DER).
Unlike conventional power stations like coal, nuclear, hydro dams, thermal etc, which are
centralized and require long distance transmission infrastructure, DER are decentralized,
modular and more flexible technologies located close to load centres with capacities of
about 10MW. They typically use renewable energy sources like wind, solar, biomass etc.
DISPERSED GENERATION: This is a decentralized off-grid power plant, feeding into the
distribution level power grid and typically sized in the range of tens(10) of MW.
The principal difference between the two according to U.S. Energy information
Administration (EIA) is that, Distributed Generation is connected to the grid, while
dispersed generation is not. Unlike distributed generation, dispersed generators are
designed to provide back up power, typically operate only during emergencies or grid
outages. They are predominantly diesel fuel reciprocating engines.
20
INTRODUCTION CONT’D
COGENERATION: Distributed cogeneration sources use steam turbines, natural
gas – fired fuel cells, micro turbines etc to turn generators. The hot exhaust is
then used for space or water heating, or to drive an absorptive chiller for
cooling, such as A/C.
Advantages of Distributed Generation:
They are small, modular and flexible.
They can provide power where it is needed and when it is needed.
The rely on natural gas and renewable sources.
They are quieter and less polluting.

21
Types Of Power Station
HYDRO

THERMAL

NUCLEAR

RENEWABLE
22
GENERATOR PRINCIPLE
An electric generator is a device designed to take advantage of
electromagnetic induction in order to convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy.

PES ME EE

23
Principle of Operation

24
TURBINE
Turbine provides the driving force for the generator.
There are different types of turbines according to the types of prime
movers and the power stations are characterized in accordance to
the types of turbine used.
However, in the process of electric power generation, all turbines are
governed by the same set of equations.

25
DC GENERATOR
This arrangement produces voltage that does not vary with time.

26
THE STATOR
This is the stationary component which bears the windings on which
EMF is induced and through which heavy load current flows. It is also
known as the generator armature. It is the outer part of the
generator.
What are the rationale for making the stator stationary?

27
ROTOR
This is the rotating assembly in the center of the stator.
Basically, the rotor is a large electromagnet because it is the
component that bears the field windings.
The magnetic poles can be either salient (sticking out of rotor
surface) or non-salient construction.

28
ROTOR-STATOR ASEMBLY

29
EXCITATION
The exciter is the "backbone" of the generator control system. It is
the power source that supplies the dc magnetizing current to the
field windings of a synchronous generator thereby ultimately
inducing ac voltage and current in the generator armature.

30
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION

The generator is fitted with a brushless excitation system.

The brushless exciter consists of a three phase, rotating armature, alternating
current generator, with a shaft mounted fused rotating rectifier. The field
winding is stationary.
The brushless concept enables the exciter output to be connected to the
generator field without the use of commutators, brush gear or slip rings.

31
Practical Applications In An Electric
Generator
DC generator,
the moving (rotating component is the armature called rotor;
the stationary component is the stator which carries the magnetic field.
Essentially, there exists a relative motion between the two with an air-gap
between them.

32
Applications
In an AC generator,
the rotating part, rotor, carries the magnetic field;
the stationary part, stator is the armature which carries the coil in
which the emf is induced.

33
Generator Connections
DELTA STAR(WYE)

34
Voltage Regulation
The main function of the AVR is to maintain constant generator
terminal voltage while the load conditions are changing. Modern
AVRs use integrated circuits or digital microprocessor techniques.
The AVR is a closed-loop controller. It compares a signal proportional
to the terminal voltage of the generator with a steady voltage
reference. The difference (error) is used to control the exciter output.

35
Internal structure of a generator
The rotor is embedded inside the stator with an air gap in between them.
The magnetic flux of the rotor is supplied by the excitation system.
36
Synchronous Generator
This is the type of generating units used in the power stations. This is
because such machines are capable of being synchronized due to
separate excitation system.

37
Generator Operations
There are two major issues of consideration in the operation of a gas
turbine-generator or any other type of machine for that matter:

ARMARTURE REACTION
ENERGY TRANSFER EFFICIENCY
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRUM

38
Operational Considerations
There are three major issues of consideration in the operation of a
gas turbine-generator or any other type of machine for that matter:

ARMATURE REACTION
ENERGY TRANSFER EFFICIENCY
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRUM

39
Armature Reaction
The armature is the current-carrying part of the generator from
where electric load is taken.
When power is drawn from the generator, there exists a counter-
magnetic flux on the armature due to the load drawn.
In this way, the interaction of the magnetic fields mediates the
transfer of energy from mechanical movement into electricity.

40
Armature Reaction

41
Armature Reaction

42
Energy Transfer Efficiency
In a gas turbine, natural gas (methane) is the primary energy source. The
gas is characterized by the calorific value. Calorific value (GCV-Gross
Calorific Value or NCV-Net Calorific Value) is the quantity of heat released
by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of a fuel in a well-
determined condition.
The electric power plant efficiency η is defined as the ratio between useful
electricity output from the generating unit, in a specific time unit, and the
energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit, within the same
time.
For gas turbine, it is typically 60%.

43
44
Legacy Generation Stations- Hydro
(51-49% Joint Venture)
S/No Name of Generation Year of Location Installed Capacity
Company Const. (MW)

1 KAINJI/JEBBA HYDROELECTRIC 1968 Kainji, Niger State 760

PLC – Kainji Power Station

2 KAINJI/JEBBA HYDROELECTRIC 1985 Jebba, Niger State 540

PLC – Jebba Power Station

3 SHIRORO HYDROELECTRIC PLC . 1989 Shiroro, Niger state, 600

Nigeria

TOTALS 1,900

Presidential Task Force on Power 44

 OVERVIEW OF POWER GENERATION (cont’d)
Thermal:
S/No Name of Generation Company Year of Location Installed Capacity
Const. (MW)

1 EGBIN POWER PLC 1986 Egbin, Lagos State 1320

2 GEREGU POWER PLC 2007 Geregu, Kogi State 414

3 OMOTOSHO POWER PLC 2007 Omotosho, Ondo State. 304

4 OLORUNSOGO POWER PLC 2008 Olorunsogo, Ogun State 304

5 DELTA POWER PLC 1966 Ughelli, Delta State 900

6 SAPELE POWER PLC 1978 Sapele, Delta State 1020

7 AFAM(IV-V) POWER PLC 1963/01 Afam, Rivers State, 726

8 CALABAR THERMAL POWER 1934 Calabar, Cross River State 6.6

STATION

9 OJI RIVER POWER STATION 1956 Oji River, Achi, Enugu State 10

TOTALS 5,004.6

Presidential Task Force on Power 45

 Independent Power Projects
The IPP’s Are The Non-FGN Funded Investments In The Nigerian Power Generation Industry

S/No Name of Power Plant Location Installed Capacity (MW)

1 AES POWER STATION Egbin, Lagos State 224

2 SHELL- AFAM VI POWER STATION Afam, Rivers State 650

3 AGIP – OKPAI POWER STATION Okpai, Delta State 480

4 ASG- IBOM POWER STATION Akwa Ibom State 155

5 RSG- TRANS AMADI POWER STATION Port Harcourt, Rivers 100

State

5 RSG- OMOKU POWER STATION Omoku, Rivers State 150

TOTALS 1,759

Presidential Task Force on Power 46

 National Integrated Power Projects (NIPP):
The NIPP is funded and owned by the three tiers of government (federal, states and
LGAs.)These facilities are currently being constructed and will be operated via Operations and
Maintenance contracts, when commissioned, prior to the privatisation of these stations.

S/No Name of Power Plant Location Designed Capacity (MW)

1 CALABAR POWER PROJECT Calabar, Cross River State 563

2 EGBEMA POWER PROJECT Egbema, Imo State 338

3 IHOVBOR POWER PROJECT Ihovbor, Edo State 451

4 GBARAN POWER PROJECT Gbaran, Bayelsa State 225
5 SAPELE POWER PROJECT Sapele, Delta State 451
6 OMOKU POWER PROJECT Omoku, Rivers State 225
7 ALAOJI POWER PROJECT Alaoji, Abia State 961
8 OLORUNSOGO –PHHASE-2 PROJECT Olorunsogo, Ogun State 676
9 OMOTOSHO-PHASE-2 PROJECT Omotosho, Ondo State 451
10 GEREGU-PHASE-2 PROJECT Geregu, Kogi State 434

TOTALS 4,775

Presidential Task Force on Power 47

HYDRO TURBINE
Converts energy of falling water to electrical energy. Moving water is
known as the prime mover in this case.

48
 A Typical Turbine
The construction of turbine used in the
generation of electric power is governed by
the Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic
induction.

49
Electricity Production From A Dam
Like Kainji Or Jebba
A Large Volume Of Water Is Held Back In A Reservoir By A Concrete Wall Or
Dam.
The High Pressure Water Is Allowed To Fall Through A Small Opening In The
Dam, The Penstock.
The Potential Energy In The Water Before It Falls Is Converted To Kinetic Energy
As It Is Falling.

50
The Falling Water Falls On A Turbine And Does Work By Rotating It.
The Rotating Turbine Rotates An Electricity Generator Or Dynamo Through A Fan Belt
Or Gear System
The Rotating Dynamo Generates Electricity
The Current Then Passes Through A ‘Step Up’ Transformer That Changes It From A
Large Current At A Low Voltage To A Small Current At A High Voltage.
This Current Then Goes Over Transmission Lines To A Substation, Where The Voltage
Is Reduced And The Current Is Then Transmitted To Customers.
The Water Exits The Dam Through The Draft Tube.

51
A Hydro Electric Power Plant.

52
Examples Of Hydro-electric Power
Station In Nigeria.
Kainji Power Station

Jebba Power Station

Shiroro Power Station

Zungeru Power Station (Proposed)

Mambilla Power Station (Proposed)

53
Constructional Features
Multipoles: Hydro plants run at a much lower speed (≤300rpm);
hence the need for multipoles to attain the required frequency of
50Hz.
They are mounted vertically with the blades at the turbine pit.
There is impulse turbine whose blades are mounted vertically;
There is the reaction turbine whose blades are mounted horizontally.
Salient poles type.
Generator voltage is usually 11.5KV

54
Advantages
Hydroelectric power plants are the most efficient means of producing electric
energy. The efficiency of today's hydroelectric plant is about 90 percent;
Hydroelectric plants do not create air pollution, the fuel--falling water--is not
consumed;
Projects have long lives relative to other forms of energy generation;
Hydroelectric generators respond quickly to changing system conditions.
Hence peaking loads.
These favorable characteristics continue to make hydroelectric projects
attractive sources of electric power.

55
 Hydropower Analysis
The actual output of energy at a dam is determined by the volume of
water released (discharge) and the vertical distance the water falls
(head).
The head produces a pressure (water pressure), and the greater the
head, the greater the pressure to drive turbines.

56
Hydropower Analysis
The theoretical horsepower (the measure of mechanical energy):

THP = (Q x H)/8.8 hp

1HP = 746Watts
where: THP = theoretical horsepower
Q = flow rate in cubic meter per second (m3s-1)
H = head in feet (m)
8.8 = a constant

57
Hydrological Data (Kainji)
Head Water Elevation (m) 138.84
Tail Water Elevation (m) 103.45

Gross Operating Head (m) 35.39

Average Turbine Discharge (m3/s) 367
Average Spillage (m3/s) 726
Average Total Station Discharge (m3/s) 1093
Computed Inflow (m3/s) 324
Storage Differential -769
Max. Level for Spillage 141.73
Max. level below which no generation 130

58
Hydrological Data (Jebba)
Head Water Elevation (m) 101.48
Tail Water Elevation (m) 73.60

Gross Operating Head (m) 27.88

Average Turbine Discharge (m3/s) 772
Average Spillage (m3/s) 0
Average Total Station Discharge (m3/s) 772
Computed Inflow (m3/s) 1108
Storage Differential 336
Max. Level for Spillage 103
Max. level below which no generation 99

59
Hydrological Data (Shiroro)
Head Water Elevation (m) 360.95
Tail Water Elevation (m) 270.40

Gross Operating Head (m) 90.55

Average Turbine Discharge (m3/s) 316
Average Spillage (m3/s) 0
Average Total Station Discharge (m3/s) 316
Computed Inflow (m3/s) 17
Storage Differential -299
Max. Level for Spillage 382.5
Max. level below which no generation 355

60
 Hydro-electric Power Stations in
Nigeria
NAME Year of Location Installed Available
Constr. Capacity Capacity
(MW) (MW) – as at
01/04/2014

Shiroro Power 1988 Niger State

across the
600 600

station Kaduna River

61
 Hydro-electric Power Stations in
Nigeria
NAME Year of Location Installed Available
Constr. Capacity Capacity
(MW) (MW) – as
at
01/04/201
4

Kainji Power 1968 Niger State 760

across River
180

station Niger

62
 Hydro-electric Power Stations in
Nigeria
NAME Year of Location Installed Available
Constr. Capacity Capacity
(MW) (MW) – as
at
01/04/2014

Jebba Power station 1985 Niger State at 540

the lower end
289.2

of River Niger

63
GAS TURBINE POWER
CONVERSION
Compressed air and fuel gas (methane) are brought together are
then combusted in the combustion chamber of the machine.
Resulting gases are expanded onto the turbine blades, producing
rotation. That turbine’s shaft rotates and drives the generator which
is on the same shaft, producing electricity by generator action.

64
COMPONENTS OF A SIMPLE-
CYCLE GAS TURBINE
Fuel
Gas Producer Power
Air
Turbine

combustor Electricity

Compressor Mechanical
Power

Generator
Exhaust

65
 Gas Turbine
The prime mover in this case is the combusted gas produced by the
exothermic reaction between natural gas and oxygen in the
combustion chamber.
The thermodynamic principle on which all gas turbine plants operate
is known as the Brayton Cycle.

66
Basic Components

67
Working Principle
The thermodynamic principle upon which the
operation of gas turbine is based is called the
Brayton Circle also known as Simple Circle Gas
Turbine.

1-2: Compression

2-3: Combustion

3-4: Expansion through Turbine and Exhaust

Nozzle

(4-1: Atmospheric Pressure)

68
Gas Turbine Power Station

69
A Thermal Power Plant.

70
Steam Turbine
Rather than use combusted gas to drive the turbine, steam is
produced from boiling water to produce the needed rotation. In this
case, a boiler is needed. The thermodynamic principle is known as
Rakine Cycle.

71
Combined Cycle

72
TRANSMISSION

Transmission is the BULK transfer of electric energy

from power generating plants to electrical
substations located near load centers.

73
Why HV Transmission?
Efficiency of transmission over long
distances.
Economies Of Scale,

Power P = I x V (W)
Improvement Of The Load Factor,

Transmission Loss = I2 x R
Enhancement Of Reliability By Pooling
To keep I low as much as possible is Generating Reserves.
the target of long distance
transmission

74
Components Of Power Transmission
TRANSMISSON LINES

TRANSFORMERS

REACTORS

CAPACITOR BANK

SWITCHYARD

CONTROL ROOM

75
Transmission Line

76
Nigeria 330kv Transmission Grid

77
Nigerian Transmission Sector
Transmission is the collection of networked high-voltage lines (above
100 kV) that tie generation to load centers. High-voltage lines also
connect utilities to one another, reduce costs through sharing of
resources, and provide enhanced reliability in case of events such as
the loss of a large generator. The high-voltage transmission system
also enables the wholesale marketplace for electricity. In general, the
bulk or wholesale system refers to the network of interconnected
generation and transmission lines.

78
Transmission Sector
In Nigeria the task of power transmission is undertaken by the
Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), a successor company of
PHCN. It is still wholly state owned but is currently being
contractually managed by Manitoba Hydro international MHI-
Canada. Currently, the transmission capacity in Nigeria is about
5,523.8KM of 330KV lines and 6,801.49KM of 132KV lines, that is
able to transmit about 7000MW.
Presently, power is transmitted at 330KV and 132KV.

79
Role of TCN
Admits users in accordance to the Market Rules;
Evaluates and accept Grid Connection;
Ensures proper metering of all the connection points;
Obtains necessary information from users of the transmission
network for adequate planning, operation and development.
Carries out needed expansion and maintenance of the transmission
network.

80
Transmission Regions in Nigeria
Aba Region

Benin Region

Kaduna
Region

Lagos Region

81
POWER DISTRIBUTION
Distribution systems deliver electricity literally everywhere, taking power
generated at many locations and delivering it to end users. Generation,
transmission, and distribution — of these big three components of the
electricity infrastructure, the distribution system gets the least attention. Yet, it
is often the most critical component in terms of its effect on reliability and
quality of service, cost of electricity, and aesthetic (mainly visual) impacts on
society.

82
Electric Power Distribution
The distribution system refers to the lower-voltage generally radial
lines that deliver electricity to the final customer. The load—created
by the electrical equipment on the customer’s side of the meter—is
electrically part of the overall power system and affects its operation;
load completes the system. The largest industrial and commercial
customers may be served by transmission directly; the rest are
served by the lower-voltage distribution system.

83
Electric Power Distribution
Distribution companies have the responsibility to deliver energy of
suppliers to end-users and to maintain the distribution networks.
They are hence particularly important in ensuring faultless delivery
of electrical power to the end users.
Presently, power distribution is done at the voltage levels of 33kv &
11kv, (primary distribution) and 415V & 240V (secondary
distribution)

84
Primary Distribution(Nigeria)
This is the distribution network which exists at the voltage levels of
33KV and IIKV.

85
Typical Distribution Network
(Nigeria)

86
Importance of the Distribution
Network
Power distribution network represents a most significant segment of
the energy value-chain because it is the final part of the power
system responsible for the delivery of electric power to the
consumers.
It is the part through which the public will relate, for good or for bad,
with the power sector.
It is also the primary gateway for revenue collection from services
rendered by the power industry as a whole.

87
Successor DISCOs
1. Abuja Electricity Distribution Company
2. Benin Electricity Distribution Company
3. Eko Electricity Distribution Company
4. Enugu Electricity Distribution Company
5. Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company
6. Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company
7. Jos Electricity Distribution Company
8. Kaduna Electricity Distribution Company
9. Kano Electricity Distribution Company
10. Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company
11. Yola Electricity Distribution Company
88
Device Numbers
1 – Master Element
2 – Time Delay Starting or
Closing Relay
3 – Checking or Interlocking
Relay
4 – Master Contactor
5 – Stopping
6 – Starting Circuit Breaker
7 – Rate of Change Relay
8 – Control Power Disconnecting
Device
10 – Unit Sequence Switch
11 – Multi-function Device
12 – Overspeed Device
13 – Synchronous-speed Device
14 – Underspeed Device
15 – Speed – or Frequency,
Matching Device
16 – Data Communications
Device
17 – Shunting or Discharge
Switch
18 – Accelerating or Decelerating
Device
19 – Starting to Running
Transition Contactor
20 – Electrically Operated Valve
21 – Distance Relay
22 – Equalizer Circuit Breaker
23 – Temperature Control Device
24 – Volts Per Hertz Relay
25 – Synchronizing or
Synchronism-Check Device
89
 Device Numbers
26 – Apparatus Thermal Device
27 – Undervoltage Relay
28 – Flame detector
29 – Isolating Contactor or Switch
30 – Annunciator Relay
31 – Separate Excitation
32 – Directional Power Relay or
Reverse Power Relay
33 – Position Switch
34 – Master Sequence
Device
35 – Brush-Operating or
Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting
Device
36 – Polarity or Polarizing
Voltage Devices
37 – Undercurrent or
Underpower Relay
38 – Bearing Protective
Device
39 – Mechanical Condition
Monitor
40 – Field (over/under
41 – Field Circuit Breaker
42 – Running Circuit Breaker
43 – Manual Transfer or
Selector Device
44 – Unit Sequence Starting
Relay
45 – Abnormal Atmospheric
Condition Monitor
46 – Reverse-phase or Phase-
Balance Current Relay
47 – Phase-Sequence or
Phase-Balance Voltage Relay
90
 Device Numbers
48 – Incomplete Sequence Relay
49 – Machine or Transformer,
Thermal Relay
50 – Instantaneous Overcurrent
Relay
51 – AC Inverse Time
Overcurrent Relay
52 – AC Circuit Breaker
53 – Exciter or DC Generator
Relay
54 – Turning Gear Engaging
Device
55 – Power Factor Relay
56 – Field Application Relay
57 – Short-Circuiting or
Grounding Device
58 – Rectification Failure Relay
59 – Overvoltage Relay
60 Voltage or Current Balance
Relay
61 Reserved for future
application
62 Time-Delay Stopping or
Opening Relay
63 Pressure Switch
64 Ground Protective Relay
65 Governor
66 Notching or Jogging Device
67 AC Directional
Overcurrent Relay
68 Blocking Relay
69 Permissive Control Device
70 Rheostat
71 Level Switch
72 DC Circuit Breaker
73 Load-Resistor Contactor
74 Alarm Relay
75 Position Changing
Mechanism
76 DC Overcurrent Relay
77 Pulse Transmitter
91
78 Phase-Angle Measuring or Out-of-Step
Protective Relay 87 Differential Protective Relay

79 AC Reclosing Relay 88 Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator

80 Flow Switch 89 Line Switch

90 Regulating Device
81 Frequency Relay
82 DC Reclosing Relay
83 Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay
84 Operating Mechanism
85 Carrier or Pilot-Wire Receiver Relay
86 Locking-Out Relay

92
Switches & Relays Symbols

93
Electrical symbols

94
Single Line Diagram
For the purpose of analysis, ease of maintenance and safe operations
of the power system, engineers and operators alike make of the
single-line drawings.
Equipments on the SLD are labeled and identified by their circuit
symbols and numbers.

95
SLD

96
Control (Mimic) Board

97