Science, matter,

and energy
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 What do scientists
do?
Science is an attempt to discover how
nature works and to use that knowledge
to make predictions about what is likely
to happen in nature. It is based on the
assumption that events in the natural
world follow cause-and-effect patterns
in orderly ways that can be understood
through careful observation,
measurements, experimentation, and
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modeling.
 Steps how scientists
find and solve the
problem
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 Scientific theories and laws are the
most important and reliable result of
science. Aside from facts and date, a
scientific law or law of nature are
important and reliable outcomes of
science. It is well tested and widely
accepted description of what we find
happening over and over in the same
in nature. For instance, law of gravity
by Isaac Newton.
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 The result science can be
tentative, reliable, or reliable
 Fundamental part of science is testing.
 Tentative science is a term used to describe where knowledge is
still evolving, and there is on going exploration and discovery.
 Reliable science consist of scientific studies, rigorous
methodology, peer review, transparency statistical significance,
ethical conduct, and consensus. This serves us a foundation for
building our understanding of the world and informing evidence-
based decision in various fields.
 Unreliable science refers to studies, research, or findings that are
not considered trustworthy, credible, or robust due to various
issues that compromise their validity or accuracy.
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 Three
Limitations
of Science
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 First limitation – scientist cannot prove or
disprove anything absolutely.

Second limitation – scientists are human and

these are not totally free of bias about their
own results and hypothesis.

Third limitation – many environmental

phenomena involve huge number of
interesting variables and complex
interactions.
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 WHAT IS MATTER
AND HOW DO
PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
Matter is anything that has CHANGES
Element is a fundamental
mass and takes up space. It substance that has unique set
AFFECT IT? ofbroken
can exist in three physical properties and cannot be
into simple substance
states—solid, liquid, and
gas—and two chemical by chemical means.
forms—elements and
Compound is a substance of
compounds
two or more different
elements chemically
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bounded together.
 Atoms, ions, and molecules are the
building block of matter
Atom is the most basic Atomic theory is the Isotopes is a form of
building block of matter. most widely accepted element having the same
It is the smallest unit of theory in chemistry. atomic number but
matter. different mass numbers.

Types of Atom:
 Protons (P) Nucleus refers to the
 Neutrons (N) central core of an atom.
 Electrons (E)
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 Atomic Mass and atomic number are
fundamental properties of atoms that help
define and distinguish different chemical
elements.
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 IONS
A second building block of some types of
matter is an ion—an atom or groups of
atoms with one or more net positive (+)
or negative (–) electrical charges. Like
atoms, ions are made up of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
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 Molecule
Is a combination of two or more atoms of the
same or different elements held together by
forces called chemical bonds.
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 Organic Compound-contains at
least two carbon atoms combined Organic Compounds
with atoms of one or more other Are the Chemicals of
elements.
Life
Inorganic Compounds- are
substance that do not contain
carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. For
example, salt (sodium chloride,
minerals like (calcium carbonate
and metals such as iron)
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  Hydrocarbons – methane (Octane ()
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons – Examples of
insecticides
 Simple carbohydrates (simple sugar) – known carbon-
glucose (
 Complex carbohydrates – cellulose based compound
and starch
 Protein is formed by monomers called
amino acids
 Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are
formed by monomers called
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nucleotides.
 Note: Lipids are diverse group of
organic molecules in human body. They
are characterized by their hydrophobic
(water repelling measure which means
they do not dissolve in water but they
are soluble in nonpolar solvent like oil
or fat.
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 Matter
becomes life
through genes,
Cells are the smallest and most
fundamental structural and functional unit chromosomes,
of life.
and cells
Chromosomes are thread-like structures
found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
which includes cell of plants, animals,
and humans.
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 Matter quality is a measure of how useful of a
given sample of matter is as a resource for
humans that is based on its availability and
concentration or the amount given area or Some forms of
volume.
matter are more
Two types of Matter quality:
 High-Quality Matter is a highly concentrated
useful than others
and typically found near the earth surface.
 Low-Quality Matter is not highly concentrated
and is often located deep underground or
dispersed in the ocean or atmosphere.
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 Matter
Physical changes involve alteration in the undergoes
physical state or appearance of matter without
changing its chemical composition such as physical,
melting, freezing, and boiling.
chemical, and
Chemical changes also known as chemical
reaction. It involves a transformation of the nuclear change
chemical composition of substance such as
burning, rusting of iron, and digestion of food.

Nuclear changes involve alteration in the nucleus

of an atom, which can result in the transformation
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of one element to another such as nuclear decay.

 Here goes your timeline or process.

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