Introduction to Computers

Computers are an essential part of our everyday lives, present in various fields like
banks, shops, schools, hospitals, and even our homes. It is crucial to have a basic
understanding of computers. So, let's start by defining what a computer is.
What is a Computer?
A computer is a programmable electronic machine used to store, retrieve, and
process data. It is not just a calculating device anymore; it can perform a wide
range of tasks. In simple terms, a computer takes data, performs instructed
operations, and provides output.
A Brief History of Computers
The term "computer" was first introduced in 1640, derived from the Latin word
"computare," meaning "to calculate." Over time, computers evolved from large
machines that filled entire rooms to powerful and compact devices.
Generations of Computers
First Generation Second Generation Third Generation

Based on electronic valves Based on Transistors. Based on Integrated Circuits

(Vacuum Tubes). (ICs).

Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

Based on very large scale integrated (VLSI) Utilizes multiple technologies like ultra large
circuits. scale integration (ULSI) and artificial
intelligence (AI).
Computer Software and Hardware
Software
Computer software consists of
two main types:
Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. Common examples include the
mouse, keyboard, monitor, and printer.
System Software
Establishes communication
between hardware
components and allows the
user to interact with the
computer. Examples include
operating systems, drivers, and
utility software.
Application Software
Designed to help users perform
specific tasks. Examples
include web browsers,
multimedia software, and
word processors.
Basic Parts of a Computer
1 Input Unit 2 Output Unit

Devices used to input data or Devices used to provide

instructions, such as the output in the desired format,
mouse and keyboard. like the monitor and printer.

3 Control Unit (CU) 4 Arithmetic Logic Unit

(ALU)
Controls all computer
functions and device Performs arithmetic and
interactions. logical operations.

5 Memory

Stores input, instructions, and output data. Primary and secondary

memory are the two types.
Functions of a Computer

1 Input

Data given to the computer using input

devices.
Processing 2
CPU processes the data according to
instructions, performing arithmetic and
3 Output
logical operations.
Processed data displayed on the
monitor or stored in storage devices.
Storage 4
Devices used to store data temporarily
or permanently.
Characteristics of Computers
Speed Accuracy Storage Reliability
Capacity
Computers can Computers perform Computers can
process millions or tasks with high Computers can store perform tasks
even trillions of accuracy, with errors vast amounts of consistently without
instructions per usually caused by data, with modern getting tired.
second. human input or computers having
instructions. high built-in storage.

Versatility

Computers can perform a wide range of tasks, making them more than just computing machines.
Classification of Computers
Supercomputer
The fastest and most
expensive type, designed for
complex tasks.
Mainframe Computer Microcomputer
(Personal Computer)
Handles multiple jobs
simultaneously, suitable for General-purpose computers
large organizations. for individual needs.

Minicomputer Workstation

Lightweight and portable, suitable for travel Powerful single-user computers for specific
and small-scale tasks. professional tasks.
Advantages of Using Computers
1 Speed and Efficiency 2 Consistent and Accurate

Computers offer fast and Computers deliver consistent

efficient performance in and accurate results.
performing tasks.

3 Multitasking Capabilities 4 Secure Storage of Data

Computers can handle Data can be securely stored in

multiple tasks simultaneously. computer systems.

5 Automation of Routine Tasks

Computers can automate repetitive and routine tasks, improving

productivity and saving time.