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Cells Powerpoint Carpenter
Cells Powerpoint Carpenter
Cells Powerpoint Carpenter
G O
A F Tissues
N
I Organs
Z
A L Organ
T I Systems
I F
O E Organisms
N
Cells
• Every living thing has at least one cell.
– Some have only one and some have trillions.
– Most cells are too tiny to be seen without a
microscope.
– A chicken egg is one of the largest cells.
– Not all cells look or act the same.
– You have 200 different kinds of cells: blood cells,
bone cells, muscle cells …………
Tissues
• A tissue is a group of cells working together to
perform a specific job in the body. The
material around and between the cells is also
part of the tissue.
– Examples of tissue: red blood cells, fat, and muscle
Organs
• When two or more tissues work together to
perform a specific job, the group of tissues is
called an organ.
– Examples of organs: stomach, heart, intestines,
liver, lung, and skin
• Plants also have different kinds of tissues that
work together. A leaf is a plant organ that contains
tissue that traps light energy to make food.
Examples of plant organs: stem and roots
The Skin
• The skin is the body’s largest organ. An
average-sized person’s skin has a mass of
about 4.5 kg (almost 10 pounds!).
Brain Food
• The part of the skin, hair, and nails that we can
see is DEAD tissue. Isn’t it strange that we put
so much effort into making sure our dead cells
look nice?
Organ Systems
• Organs work together in groups to perform
particular jobs. These groups are called organ
systems.
• Each system has a specific job to do in the body.
– Examples:
• digestive system breaks down food to use by your body’s
cells
• nervous system transmits information back in forth
between the brain and other parts of the body
There are 11 main organ systems.
• The organs in the organ system depend on each
other. If any part of the system fails, the whole
system is affected. And failure of one organ system
can affect other organ systems.
• Main organ systems : integumentary system, skeletal
system, muscular system, nervous system,
endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic
system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary
system, reproductive system
Organism: Independent Living
• Anything that can live on its own is called an
organism.
• All organisms are made up of at least one cell.
– organisms made up of one cell – unicellular
– organisms made up of groups of cells –
multicellular
The Big Picture
• Although unicellular and multicellular organisms can live
on their own, they usually do not live alone. Organisms
interact with each other on many different ways.
– Populations – groups of organisms that are of the same kind
and that live in the same area
• Example – all the white tail deer in the forest
– Communities - two or more different populations living in the
same area
• All the populations combined in the forest (deer, rabbits, snakes, etc..)
– Ecosystems – all the communities and all the nonliving things
that affect it, such as water, soil, rocks, temperature, and light
• Ecosystems on land – terrestrial ecosystems
• Ecosystems in water – aquatic ecosystems
Discovery of Cells
Seeing the first cells
• 1665 - Robert Hooke – British scientist – used
cork (soft plant tissue found in the bark of a
tree) – He saw tiny boxes and called them
cells.
Early discoveries
• 1673 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Dutch
merchant – used a handmade microscope to
look at pond scum – He saw many small
creatures. He also looked at blood from animals
and teeth scrapings. First to see bacteria and
discovered that yeast is a unicellular organism.
The Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden – 1838 – all plant parts are
made of cells
Theodore Swann – 1839 - wrote the first part of
the cell theory.
o All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
o The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.
1858 – Rudolf Virchow – wrote the third part of
the cell theory
o All cells come from existing cells
• All cells have:
– Cell membrane- surrounds all cells; acts as a barrier
between the inside of the cell and its environment;
controls what comes in and what goes out
– Hereditary material – cells receive a copy of hereditary
material (DNA) It controls all of the activities of the cell
and contains the information needed for that cell to make
new cells
– Organelles – structures within a cell that allow it to live,
grow, and reproduce
– Cytoplasm – fluid that surrounds the organelles within a
cell
– Small size – almost all cells are too small to see with the
naked eye
Amoebas
• An amoeba is a single celled (unicellular) organism. It
cannot get large enough to be seen. As a cell gets
larger, it needs more food and produces more waste.
Therefore more material must be able to move in and
out through the cell membrane.
• To keep up with these demands, a growing cell needs
a larger surface area through which to exchange
materials. As the cell’s volume increases, its outer
surface grows too.
• Go to page 12 to help explain!!!
• Surface-to-Volume Ratio
Benefits of being Multicellular
• A single cell as big as you would have an
incredibly small surface-to-volume ratio and
would not survive because its outer surface
would be too small to allow in the materials
needed.
• Multicellular organisms grow by producing
MORE cells, not LARGER cells.
– An elephant has more cells than you, not larger
cells.
Many kinds of cells
• Having many different cells that are specialized
for specific jobs allows multicellular organisms
to perform more functions than unicellular
organisms.
• Different kinds of cells can form tissues and
organs with different functions.
• Some specialized cells: muscle cells, eye cells,
brain cells….
• Be glad you are not UNICELLULAR! How boring!
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
• Also called bacteria • More complex
• World’s smallest cells • All other cells
• No nucleus • Have a nucleus
• Circular DNA (shaped like a • Have membrane-covered
rubber band) organelles
• No membrane-covered • Linear DNA stored in the
organelles nucleus
Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells
1. Nucleus 1. Nucleus
2. Ribosomes 2. Ribosomes
3. Cell Membrane 3. Cell Membrane
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
5. Lysosomes
5. Lysosomes
6. Mitochondria
6. Mitochondria
7. Golgi Complex
7. Golgi Complex 8. Cell Wall
9. Large Vacuole
10. Chloroplast
The Cell's Command Center -- The
Nucleus
• Largest and most visible organelle in a eukaryotic
cell
• Surrounded by a nuclear membrane for protection
• Stores DNA that has information on how to make all
the cell’s proteins (almost all chemical reactions
important to the cell’s life involve protein)
• (2) The ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of
equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with
external changes