Stoichiometr

y
Definition

• Composition stoichiometry deals with the mass

relationships of elements in compounds.

• Reaction stoichiometry involves the mass relationships

between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
 Law of Conservation
of Mass
“We may lay it down as an incontestable
axiom that, in all the operations of art
and nature, nothing is created; an equal
amount of matter exists both before
and after the experiment. Upon this
principle, the whole art of performing
chemical experiments depends.”
--Antoine Lavoisier, 1789
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Reactants appear on the left

side of the equation.
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Products appear on the right

side of the equation.
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

The states of the reactants and products are

written in parentheses to the right of each
compound.
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Coefficients are inserted to

balance the equation.
Mole−Mole Ratio from a Balanced
Equation
A mole–mole ratio is a ratio of the moles of two
substances in an equation.
2Fe(s) + 3S(s) Fe2S3(s)
Mole−Mole Factors from a Balanced
Equation
A mole–mole ratio is a ratio of the moles of two
substances in an equation.
2Fe(s) + 3S(s) Fe2S3(s)

Fe and S:

Fe and Fe2S3:

S and Fe2S3:
Ideal Stoichiometry calculations
Guide to Calculating Quantities of
Reactants and Products
 Conversions of Quantities in Moles
Sample Problem
In a spacecraft, the carbon dioxide exhaled by astronauts can be removed by its
reaction with lithium hydroxide, LiOH, according to the following chemical equation.

CO2(g) + 2LiOH(s) → Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)

How many moles of lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20 mol CO 2, the
average amount exhaled by a person each day?
Conversions of Quantities in Moles
Sample Problem A Solution
CO2(g) + 2LiOH(s) → Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)

Given: amount of CO2 = 20 mol

Unknown: amount of LiOH (mol)
mol ratio
Solution:
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝑂2 × =𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝑂 2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
20 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝑂2 × =40 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝑂 2
Conversions of Amounts in Moles to Mass
Conversions of Amounts in Moles to Mass
Sample Problem
In photosynthesis, plants use energy from the sun to produce glucose,
C6H12O6, and oxygen from the reaction of carbon dioxide and water.

What mass, in grams, of glucose is produced when 3.00 mol of water

react with carbon dioxide?
Conversions of Amounts in Moles to Mass

Sample Problem
Given: amount of H2O = 3.00 mol
Unknown: mass of C6H12O6 produced (g)
Solution:
Balanced Equation: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
mol ratio molar mass factor
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂 6 𝑔 𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂 6
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂   ×     ×          =   𝑔𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂6
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂6
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂 6 180.18 𝑔 𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂90.1
6 g C6H12O6
3.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂 × ×  =
6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂 6
Conversions of Mass to Amounts in Moles
Conversions of Mass to Amounts in Moles,
continued
Sample Problem
The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid is the catalytic
oxidation of ammonia.

NH3(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) + H2O(g) (unbalanced)

The reaction is run using 824 g NH3 and excess oxygen.

a. How many moles of NO are formed?
b. How many moles of H2O are formed?
Conversions of Mass to Amounts in Moles
Sample Problem
Given: mass of NH3 = 824 g
Unknown: a. amount of NO produced (mol)
b. amount of H2O produced (mol)
Solution:
Balanced Equation: 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
molar mass factor mol ratio
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 𝐻 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
a. 𝑔 𝑁 𝐻3 ×    ×      =𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
𝑔 𝑁 𝐻3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 𝐻 3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 𝐻 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
b. 𝑔 𝑁 𝐻 3 ×    ×      =𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
𝑔 𝑁 𝐻3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 𝐻 3
Conversions of Mass to Amounts in Moles
Sample Problem D Solution
molar mass factor mol ratio
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 𝐻 3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
824 𝑔 𝑁 𝐻 3 ×    × =48.4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
a. 17.04 𝑔 𝑁 𝐻 3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 𝐻 3

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 𝐻 3 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
b. 824 𝑔 𝑁 𝐻 3 × 17.04 𝑔 𝑁 𝐻 3    ×    4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 𝐻 3   =72.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
Mass-Mass to Calculations
Mass-Mass to Calculations
Sample Problem
Tin(II) fluoride, SnF2, is used in some toothpastes. It is made by the
reaction of tin with hydrogen fluoride according to the following
equation.

Sn(s) + 2HF(g) → SnF2(s) + H2(g)

How many grams of SnF2 are produced from the reaction of 30.00 g
HF with Sn?
Mass-Mass to Calculations, continued
Sample Problem
Given: amount of HF = 30.00 g
Unknown: mass of SnF2 produced (g)
Solution: molar mass factor mol ratio molar mass factor
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐹 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑛 𝐹 2 𝑔𝑆𝑛 𝐹 2    
𝑔 𝐻𝐹    ×       ×     ×       =𝑔𝑆𝑛 𝐹 2
𝑔 𝐻𝐹 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐹 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑛 𝐹 2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐹 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑛 𝐹 2 156.71 𝑔 𝑆𝑛 𝐹 2    
𝑔 𝐻𝐹 × × ×
20.01 𝑔 𝐻𝐹 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐹 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑛 𝐹 2
= 117.5 g SnF2
Limiting Reactants
• Limiting reactant – the reactant that runs out first and thus limits
the amounts of products that can be formed.
• Determine which reactant is limiting to calculate correctly the
amounts of products that will be formed.

25
Limiting Reactants

 Stoichiometric mixture
• N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Limiting Reactants

 Limiting reactant mixture

 N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

Theoretical Yield
• The theoretical yield is the amount of product that can be made
• In other words it’s the amount of product possible as calculated through the
stoichiometry problem

• This is different from the actual yield, the amount one actually
produces and measures
Limited Reactants
Sample Problem
Silicon dioxide (quartz) is usually quite unreactive but
reacts readily with hydrogen fluoride according to the
following equation.

SiO2(s) + 4HF(g) → SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)

If 6.0 mol HF is added to 4.5 mol SiO2, which is the

limiting reactant?
 Limited Reactants
Sample Problem F Solution
SiO2(s) + 4HF(g) → SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)

Given: amount of HF = 6.0 mol

amount of SiO2 = 4.5 mol
Unknown: limiting reactant
mole ratio
Solution: 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝐹 4
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐹 × =𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝐹 4 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐹
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝐹 4
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝑂 2 × =𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝐹 4 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝑂2
 Limited Reactants
Sample Problem
SiO2(s) + 4HF(g) → SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)

1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝐹 4
4.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝑂2 × =4.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝐹 4 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝑂 2
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝐹 4
6.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐹 × =1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖 𝐹 4 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐹
HF is the limiting reactant.
1.5 mol SiF4 is the theoretical yield.
Percent Yield

A comparison of the amount actually obtained to

the amount it was possible to make

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
Percentage Yield, continued
Sample Problem
Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, is used in the production of many important chemicals,
such as aspirin, dyes, and disinfectants. One industrial method of preparing
chlorobenzene is to react benzene, C6H6, with chlorine, as represented by the
following equation.

C6H6 (l) + Cl2(g) → C6H5Cl(l) + HCl(g)

When 36.8 g C6H6 react with an excess of Cl2, the actual yield of C6H5Cl is 38.8 g.
What is the percentage yield of C6H5Cl?
 Percentage Yield
Sample Problem H Solution
C6H6 (l) + Cl2(g) → C6H5Cl(l) + HCl(g)
Given: mass of C6H6 = 36.8 g
mass of Cl2 = excess
actual yield of C6H5Cl = 38.8 g
Unknown: percentage yield of C6H5Cl
Solution: molar mass factor mol ratio molar mass
Theoretical yield 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6 𝐻 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6 𝐻 5 𝐶𝑙 𝑔 𝐶 6 𝐻 5 𝐶𝑙
𝑔𝐶 6 𝐻 6 ×    × × =𝑔 𝐶 6 𝐻 5 𝐶𝑙
𝑔𝐶 6 𝐻 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6 𝐻 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6 𝐻 5 𝐶𝑙
Percentage Yield
Sample Problem H Solution, continued
C6H6(l) + Cl2(g) → C6H5Cl(l) + HCl(g)
Theoretical yield

1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶6 𝐻 6 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶6 𝐻 5 𝐶𝑙 112.56 𝑔𝐶 6 𝐻 5 𝐶𝑙

36.8𝑔𝐶 6 𝐻 6 ×   × ×
78.12𝑔𝐶6 𝐻 6 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶6 𝐻 6 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶 6 𝐻 5 𝐶𝑙
Percentage yield
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶 6 𝐻 5 𝐶𝑙= ×100
𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
38.8 𝑔
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑= × 100=73.2 %
53.0 𝑔
Stoichiometry in real
life.