Hypothesis

Testing
 What is Hypothesis?

 Hypothesis is a predictive statement, capable

of being tested by scientific methods, that
relates an independent variables to some
dependent variable.
 A hypothesis states what we are looking for and it
is a proportion which can be put to a test to
determine its validity
 PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS

 Defining relationship between variables

 Variable- changing quantities in a study

 Independent variable

 Dependent variable

 Controlled variable
Characteristics of Hypothesis

 Clear and precise.

 Capable of being tested.

 Stated relationship between variables.

 limited in scope and must be specific.

 Consistent with most known facts.

 Characteristics of Hypothesis

 Responsive to testing with in a reasonable time.

One can’t spend a
life time collecting data to test it.
 Explain what it claims to explain; it should have
empirical reference.
 Stated as far as possible in most simple terms so that the
same is
easily understand by all concerned. But one must
remember that
simplicity of hypothesis has nothing to do with its
significance.
 Null Hypothesis
 It is an assertion that we hold as true unless we
have
sufficient statistical evidence to conclude
otherwise.
 Null Hypothesis is denoted by 𝐻0
 If a population mean is equal to hypothesized
mean then Null Hypothesis can be written as
𝐻0: 𝜇= 𝜇0
 Null Hypothesis (H0)
 Alternative Hypothesis (Ha or H1)
Each of the following statements is an example of a
null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.

𝐻0: 𝜇= 𝜇0 𝐻a: 𝜇≠ 𝜇0
𝐻0: 𝜇≤ 𝜇0 𝐻a: 𝜇> 𝜇0
𝐻0: 𝜇 𝜇0 𝐻a: 𝜇< 𝜇0
 Alternative Hypothesis

 The Alternative hypothesis is negation of null

hypothesis and is denoted by 𝐻𝑎
If Null is given as 𝐻 0: 𝜇= 𝜇0
Then alternative Hypothesis can be
written as :
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 𝜇0
 Level of significance and
confidence
 Significance means the percentage risk to reject a null
hypothesis when it is true and it is denoted by 𝛼.
Generally taken as 1%, 5%, 10%
 (1 − 𝛼) is the confidence interval in which the null
hypothesis will exist when it is true.
 Type I and Type II Error

1. Type I Error
– Reality: No relationship
– Decision: Reject the null
• Believe your research hypothesis have received
support when in fact you should have
disconfirmed it
• Analogy: Find an innocent man guilty of a
crime
 Type I and Type II Error

2. Type II Error
 Reality: Relationship
 Decision: Accept the null
Believe your research hypothesis has not
received support when in fact you should have
rejected the null.
 Analogy: Find a guilty man innocent of a
crime
Type I and Type II Error
 Methods used to test
hypothesis

 T test
 Z test
 F test
 χ 2 test (Chi-Square Test)
 T-Test

 A t-test’s statistical significance indicates whether or not

the difference between two groups’ averages most likely
reflects a “real” difference in the population from which
the groups were sampled.
 T-Test for testing difference
between means

Test Condition Test Statistics

 Samples happen to be small,
 Presumed to have been
drawn from the same
population
 Population variances are
unknown but assumed to be
equal
Graph : T Test
 Z-Test

Test Condition Test Statistics

 Populations are normal
 Samples happen to be large
 Presumed to have been
drawn from the same
population
 Population variances are
known
 F-
Test
• F-test is a statistical test that is used to
determine whether two populations having
normal distribution have the same variances
or standard deviation. This is an important
part of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
However in case the population is non
normal, F test may not be used and
alternate tests like Bartlett’s test may be
used.
 Chi square (χ2 ) test
The test we use to measure the differences between
what is observed and what is expected according to
an assumed hypothesis is called the chi-square test.
 Usefulness

 Test for goodness of fit

 Test for independence of attributes

 Testing homogeneity

 Testing given population variance

 Contingency table
Frequency table in which a sample from a
population is classified according to two
attributes, which are divided in to two or more
classes
GENDER DRUNKARDS NON
DRUNKARDS

675 987
MALES
540 997
FEMALES
 Degrees of Freedom

 Number of independent observations

 Number of cells – no. of constraints

 Formul
a
χ2 = ∑ (O – E)2
E

χ2 = The value of chi square

O = The observed value
E = The expected value
∑ (O – E)2 = all the values of (O –
E) squared then added together
Thank You For Your Patience