IN THE NAME OF THAT WHO CREATED THE HUMANS

TOPIC  ILS
AIM  LATERAL AND VERTICAL GUIDANCE
TIME  15/20 MINUTES
INSTRUCTOR  ZABIHULLAH AHMADI
ILS
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

Which is ground based equipment approach system, giving the lateral and vertical guidance to an aircraft
Approach for landing on the runway.
These are basically used for providing safe landing during IMC such as ;
Low visibility or low ceiling , due to ;
 RAIN
 FOG
 SNOW
The ground equipment is comprises of two highly directional radio transmitting system .
Called the localizer and glide slope .
 FIRST DEVELOPMENT OF ILS

People also ask

When was the ILS invented ?
As early as 1929, Dr. Karamer and Dieckmann had invented the first aircraft ILS system.
The system was demonstrated in 1932. in 1935 this ILS system was described in prof Dr H.E Hollmann’s book
Physics and techniques of ultrashort waves “from picture bellow is taken by 1935, bot the Lorenz co. and the Telefunken
CO. were in full swing producing ILS and installing them at airports around the world .
In Germany , under the sponsorship of lufthanas , ILS were installed at Breslau , konigberg, munich, nurenberg and stet.
By 1938, in Germany companies had also delivered and installed ILS at airports in Kastrup-Danemark , Malmo –Sweden
Wilna and Melburne-Polen.
This system was also installed in England with the name “standard beam approach” the X-beam and the Y-beam system were als
Used for navigation.
In 1939-1940s during the “battle of Britain” , german boombers used radio beams opporating at 33.3mhz and latter at 71mhz.
The system had the cod name (knickebein) during WWII and navigation was possible up to 350km.
LOCALIZER
This system normally located beyond the end of runway consists of several pairs of directional antennas
transmit two signals. Each antenna transmit a narrow beam one is slightly to the left of runway centerline .
And the other is slightly to the right of it and give accurate information and indicates where the aircraft
Is on the left or right side of center line.

Basically the localizer sends out two lobs 90HZ to the left side of the runway center line
And 150HZ to the right side of the runway center line .
90Hz would be yellow light and 150HZ would be blow light.
Normal reliable coverage of localizer is between 10nm_25nm.
Marker beacons:

Known as:

- The outer marker typically located 5-7 miles from the end of the
1. OUTER MARKER_OM Runway threshold.
2. MIDDLE MARKER_MM - The middle marker indicate the position 3500ft from runway threshold.
- The inner marker indicate the distance of approximately 1000ft or 300m
3. INNER MARKER_IM From runway threshold.
OUTERMARKER _ OA When the aircraft passes outer marker beacon overhead a vertically immediate radio signal active rapidly
Flashing blue lights on the aircraft marker beacon recover.
It is also produces an audio signal which dashes as a low tune.

MIDDLE MARKER_MM:
Typically the location where an aircraft on approach will be at altitude of approximately 200ft above the elevation
Of the landing area.
This system enable pilot to visually identify the runway either by pavement or with the assistance of the associated
Approach lightning system.
This marker audio signal is series of dots and dashes in a high tune when passes overhead.

INNER MARKER:_IM
Aircraft's marker beacon receiver flashes white lins whit the receiving audio codes the audio code is repeated dots.
Factors effected ILS signals:

Although the ILS system is very accurate and precise,

its very sensitive and its operation can be adversely
Effected by weather, FM broadcast and vehicle/aircraft movement on the ground.
WEATHER:
Snow and heavy rain attenuates the ILS signals thereby reducing the accuracy.
FM BROADCAST:
FM Transmitters have wide bandwidths and its possible for such stations transmitting on same frequencies that
Causing interference with the ILS signals
 VEHICAL OR AIRCRAFT MOVMENT ON THE GROUND:

- Every ILS installation has its critical area and its sensitive area
- The critical area is protected during all ILS operations because the presence of vehicles or aircrafts inside
its bounders will cause unacceptable disturbance to the ILS signals.
- Thus, these areas are important to prevent ILS signals disturbance.