DEVELOPMENT OF DOPED SODIUM VANADIUM FLURO-PHOSPHATE CATHODE

MATERIALS FOR SODIUM ION BATTERIES

Presented by:
Sameer Tirkey
Roll No.: 22CH60R14
IIT Kharagpur
19th Aug, 2023 1
 Table of contents
Introduction
Batteries
 Why Commercialize NIBs.?
 Components of Battery
 Different cathode materials
Sodium Vanadium Fluorophosphates (NVPF)
Why NVPF
NVPF by Sol-gel method
NVPF by Hydrothermal method
Comparison of Synthesis Methods
References
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 Introduction

Batteries
 Electrochemical devices that convert chemical
energy into electrical energy.

 Consist of two electrodes (anode and cathode)

separated by an electrolyte

 Chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of

electrons from one electrode to another

Fig1: Electrochemical Cell 3

Why Commercialize NIB’s.?

1. An effective, drop-in replacement technology for LIBs in many applications

2. Cost-Effectiveness: Sodium-ion batteries can potentially use cheaper materials compared to lithium-ion batteries.

3. Resource Availability: Lithium-ion batteries rely on limited lithium resources, Sodium is more abundant and widely
available than lithium.

4. Research: Commercializing sodium-ion batteries stimulates research and development in battery technology.

5. Environmental Benefits: Sodium-ion batteries might have a smaller environmental footprint compared to lithium-ion
batteries.

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 Components of Battery

1. Electrodes
2. Electrolyte
3. Separators
4. Terminal
5. Current collectors

Fig 3: Components of battery

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Different Cathode Materials

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 Sodium Vanadium Fluorophosphates

• Class of cathode materials known as sodium

vanadium fluorophosphate (Na3V2(PO4)2F or NVPF)
• Three-dimensional vanadium-oxygen polyhedral
linked by phosphate and fluoride groups
• Result in a higher energy density
• Abundance of the elements in NVPF materials
• Strong thermal stability and are inexpensive

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 Why NVPF
MERITS DEMERTIS

High thermal stability Limited research

Low cost Low conductivity

High operating voltage Safety concerns

Environmentally friendly Limited temperature range

Good electrochemical performance

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NVPF by Sol-Gel Method

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 NVPF by Hydrothermal Method

• NH4VO3, NH4H2PO4, and NaF aqueous solutions were mixed in a mole ratio of 2 : 2 : 3 with
citric acid under magnetic stirring for 1 h
• The mixture solution was transferred to a Teflon vessel and heated at 180 °C for 12 h.
• The obtained pristine material was washed with ethanol and water several times and
dried at 80 °C overnight
• The pristine material was annealed at 400–800 °C for 4 hours in an argon atmosphere.

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 Comparison of Synthesis Methods

Sol-gel Method Hydrothermal Method

• High Purity • High crystallinity and purity

• Good control over particle size • Good control over particle size

• Large Porosity • Homogeneity

• High Scalability Synthesis of inorganic materials

• Fabrication of ceramics or glasses

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 References

• [1] J. Xu, D. H. Lee and Y. S. Meng, Funct. Mater. Lett., 2013, 6(01), 1330001.
• [2] V. Palomares, P. Serras, L. Villaluenga, K. B. Hueso and T. Rojo, Energy and Environ. Sci., 2012, 5(3), 5884-
5901.

• [3] N. Yabuuchi, K. Kubota, M. Dahbi and S. Komaba, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114(23), 11636-11682.
• [4] W. Song, X. Cao, Z. Wu, J. Chen, Y. Zhu, H. Hou, Q. Lan and X. Ji, Langmuir, 2014, 30(41), 12438-12446.

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THANK YOU

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