APOPTOSIS

PRESENTED BY:
AJAY KUMAR [2268/22]
Apoptosis
NECROSIS VS APOPTOSIS
CAUSES OF APOPTOSIS
Apoptotic bodies in the layer of squamous mucosa . The dead
cell seen in singles, is shrunken, the nucleus has
clumped chromatin, while the cytoplasms in intensely
eosinophilic.
Molecular mechanism of apoptosis contrasted with sequence of morphologic
changes
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES SEEN IN
APOPTOSIS
MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES :-
1. Involvement of single cells or small clusters of cells in the
background of viable cells.
2.Nuclear chromatin is condensed under the nuclear
membrane i.e. pyknosis.
3. The cell membrane may show projections on the surface.
4. There may be formation of membrane-bound near spherical body
called apoptotic bodies.
5. There is no acute inflammatory reaction.
6. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages takes
place at varying speed.
# Pathogenetically, apoptosis is triggered by loss of signals
of normal cell survival and by action of agents injurious
to the cell

# Molecular mechanism of apoptosis is under genetic control which may be by intrinsic

(mitochondrial) pathway (pro and anti-apoptotic members of Bcl-2 family), extrinsic
(cell death receptor initiated) pathway (TNF-R1) and finally by activated caspases. This is
followed by phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies.
After the cell has been initiated into
self-destruct mode, cell death signaling
mechanisms gets activated from
intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic
(cell death receptor initiated) pathways