FOOD ALLERGIES

AND
INTOLERANCES
Mengistu Fiseha
ID: 6551401505
School of Agro industry
OUTLINES
• Overview / definitions
• Food Intolerance& allergy
• symptoms & prevention
• Dementia and Alzheimer
• Overview

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WHAT IS MEANT BY FOOD
ALLERGY AND
INTOLERANCE?
Food intolerance
A food intolerance is difficulty digesting certain foods and having an unpleasant
physical reaction to them.

Food allergy
An allergic reaction to a food is an inappropriate reaction by the body's immune
system to the ingestion of a food.

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FOOD ALLERGY OR FOOD
INTOLERANCE?
Food allergy Food intolerance

 A reaction from the immune  Does not involve the immune system
system
 Causes symptoms many hours after eating a
 Symptoms come on rapidly after reasonable amount of the problem food
eating just a small amount of the
food  Can be caused by many different foods
 Often triggered by specific foods
(e.g.milk)
(e.g.peanuts or shellfish)  Tends to cause unpleasant symptoms
 Can be serious and life
threatening
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FOOD ALLERGY

An allergic reaction to a food can be described as an

inappropriate reaction by the body's immune system to the
ingestion of a food.
Allergic reactions to food vary in severity and can be
potentially fatal.

In food allergy the immune system does not recognize as safe a
protein component of the food to which the individual is
sensitive (such as some peanut, milk or egg proteins).

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COMMON
FOOD
ALLERGIES
Peanuts
Tree nuts
Wheat
Soy
Milk
Eggs
Fish
Shellfish

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COMMON FOOD ALLERGY –RELATED
CONDITIONS

Coeliac disease is a condition where immune system attacks your own tissues when
you eat gluten.
Anaphylaxis: leading to symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the
throat and face, a drop in blood pressure
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema): is a chronic skin condition often associated with food
allergies, particularly in infants and young children
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) : a food allergy ,It involves symptoms like sneezing,
runny or stuffy nose, itchy eyes, and throat.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Food allergies, particularly to certain proteins like cow's
milk or soy, can contribute to gastrointestinal issues in infants and children

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 COELIAC DISEASE
(EXAMPLE)
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune reaction to
gluten, where the body’s immune system turns
against itself.  Coeliac disease is a condition where immune system attacks
your own tissues when you eat gluten. This damages your
gut (small intestine) so your body cannot properly take in
Nature: Coeliac disease is an autoimmune nutrients. Coeliac disease can cause a range of symptoms,
disorder. including diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating.
Immune Response: In coeliac disease, the immune
system mistakenly targets and damages the lining
of the small intestine when gluten is consumed.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis involves blood tests to
detect specific antibodies and a confirmatory
biopsy of the small intestine.
Treatment: The primary and only effective
treatment for coeliac disease is a strict, lifelong
gluten-free diet.

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SYMPTOMS OF FOOD
ALLERGY
Food allergy symptoms can range from
mild to severe and may include
o Hives
o Swelling of the face or throat,
o Difficulty breathing,
o Abdominal pain,
o Vomiting,
o Diarrhea, and
o Anaphylaxis (a severe and potentially
life-threatening reaction).
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 Onset: Symptoms of a food allergy often occur
rapidly, within minutes to a few hours after consuming
the allergenic food.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of food allergies typically
involves allergy testing, including skin prick tests or
blood tests for specific allergen antibodies (IgE).
Treatment: The primary treatment for food allergies
is strict avoidance of the allergenic food, along with
carrying an epinephrine auto-injector (e.g., EpiPen) in
case of severe reactions.
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 FOOD
ALLERGEN
LABELLING

o Food manufacturers are required to

list any of the major allergens
present in their product's ingredients
on the food label

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FOOD INTOLERANCE
Overview
Definition
 Food intolerance refers to difficulty
digesting certain foods or components
of foods, leading to various physical
symptoms. It is typically not immune-
mediated.
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Mechanism
 Food intolerances are often caused by a lack of
specific enzymes needed for digestion, sensitivity
to food additives, or other factors that affect the
digestive process.
Food intolerance does not include food poisoning
from bacteria and viruses, moulds, chemicals,
toxins and irritants in food, nor does it include
food aversion (dislike and subsequent avoidance
of various food).
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 SYMPTOMS
 Diagnosis:
 Symptoms of food intolerance are typically
Diagnosis involves keeping a food diary,
gastrointestinal and may include
conducting elimination diets, and
bloating, sometimes using breath tests or blood
tests for specific intolerances.
 diarrhea,
abdominal pain,
gas, and nausea.
 Treatment:
Management of food intolerances
 These symptoms are often delayed and may includes avoiding or reducing
appear hours to days after consuming the consumption of the triggering foods or
problematic food. using enzyme supplements (e.g., lactase)
to aid digestion.
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COMMON TYPES OF FOOD
INTOLERANCE
Lactose Intolerance: Inability to digest lactose, the sugar in dairy products, due to
insufficient lactase enzyme.
Fructose Intolerance: Difficulty absorbing fructose, a natural sugar found in fruits
and some vegetables.
Food Additive Sensitivity: Reactions to food additives like MSG (monosodium
glutamate) or sulfites.
Caffeine Sensitivity: lead to jitteriness, nervousness, heart palpitations, and
digestive disturbances

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LACTOSE
INTOLERANCE
(EXAMPLE)
One type of food intolerance is caused by the
lack of an enzyme that is needed to digest a
component of food.

The most common example of this is lactose

intolerance where sufferers have low levels of
the enzyme lactase needed to digest lactose, the
sugar found in milk.

Lactase breaks down the lactose so that it can

be absorbed. If lactase levels are low, undigested
lactose passes into the large intestine where it
causes pain and diarrhea.

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COMMON SYMPTOMS
OF LACTOSE
INTOLERANCE
 Bloating
 Diarrhea
 Abdominal Pain
 Gas
 Nausea
Vomiting
 Stomach rumbling

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 PREVENTION OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Manage Symptoms:
 Limit or avoid lactose-containing foods and drinks.
 Use lactase enzyme supplements before consuming
dairy.
Choose Lactose-Free Alternatives
 Opt for lactose-free milk and dairy products.
 Try non-dairy milk alternatives (e.g., almond, soy,
or coconut milk).
Gradual Introduction
 Gradually reintroduce small amounts of lactose to
test tolerance
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Consult a Healthcare Professional:
 Seek advice for diagnosis and personalized
management.
Maintain a Balanced Diet:
 Ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
through supplements or lactose-free sources.
 Preventing lactose intolerance itself is not
possible, but managing symptoms and maintaining
a healthy diet can help individuals with lactose
intolerance lead a comfortable and nutritious life.
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FUTURE FOODS
Development of New Food Products: The food industry may continue to innovate
by creating new products that cater to individuals with specific intolerances or
allergies. For example, the development of gluten-free or lactose-free food products
has already gained momentum.
Nutritional Therapies: Researchers are exploring nutritional therapies and
supplements to help individuals with food intolerances better digest specific
components of foods. Enzyme replacement therapy for lactose intolerance is an
example of this approach.
Food Allergy and Intolerance Management Apps: Mobile apps and digital platforms
that help individuals track their dietary intake, identify trigger foods, and find
suitable alternatives may continue to evolve and become more user-friendly.

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DEMENTIA AND ALZHEIMER
Dementia
Dementia is an umbrella term that refers
to a group of symptoms related to
cognitive decline. It can be caused by
various factors, including Alzheimer's
disease,
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Azheimer
Alzheimer's Disease: Alzheimer's is a
specific and the most common cause of
dementia. It is characterized by the
accumulation of abnormal protein.
.
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DEMENTIA
Definition

Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of cognitive

impairments that interfere with an individual's daily life
and functioning.
It is not a specific disease but rather a group of
symptoms associated with a
decline in memory,
thinking,
 reasoning, and
 the ability to perform everyday activities.
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Classification: Dementia can be
classified into various types, with
Alzheimer's disease being the most
common form. Other forms include
vascular dementia,
 Lewy body dementia,
frontotemporal dementia
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Cause: Dementia can result from various
underlying conditions, including Alzheimer's
disease,
vascular problems (e.g., strokes),
Lewy bodies, and
traumatic brain injuries, among others.
Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of
dementia.
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SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS:

Symptoms of dementia can vary but often

include
memory loss,
confusion,
disorientation,
difficulty with language and
communication,
 impaired judgment,
and changes in mood or behavior.

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PREVENTIO
N:
While some risk factors for
dementia, such as age and genetics,
cannot be modified,
there are lifestyle factors that can
potentially reduce the risk of
cognitive decline.
These include staying mentally and
socially active,
maintaining a healthy diet,
engaging in regular physical
activity, managing chronic
conditions,
 avoiding smoking and
excessive alcohol
consumption

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FUTURE FOODS:
There is ongoing research into dietary approaches
to support brain health in individuals with dementia.
Potential future foods for individuals with
dementia might include those rich in nutrients like
 antioxidants,
omega-3 fatty acids,
vitamins known to support cognitive function.

Foods such as berries, fatty fish (e.g., salmon),

leafy greens, nuts, and whole grains are considered
brain-healthy choices

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ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Definition
Alzheimer's disease is a specific and progressive form
of dementia characterized by the accumulation of
abnormal protein deposits (amyloid plaques and tau
tangles) in the brain, leading to the gradual destruction
of brain cells and cognitive decline

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CLASSIFICATION
Alzheimer's disease is a type of
dementia and is not classified separately
Cause
from dementia. However, it is the most The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease
common cause of dementia, accounting is not fully understood, but it is believed
for a significant portion of cases. to involve a combination of
genetic,
environmental, and
 lifestyle factors.

 Abnormal protein accumulation and

inflammation in the brain play a central
role.

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signs and symptoms
Alzheimer's disease typically starts with
mild memory loss and progresses to
severe cognitive impairment. Symptoms
may include memory problems,
difficulty with problem-solving,
language difficulties, changes in mood
and behavior, and eventually the Prevention
inability to carry out daily activities.
While there is no known way to prevent
Alzheimer's disease, adopting a healthy
lifestyle that includes regular exercise, a
balanced diet rich in brain-healthy
foods, social engagement, and cognitive
stimulation may reduce the risk or delay
the onset of symptoms.

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FUTURE FOODS
 Research into foods that may support brain
health and potentially slow the progression of
Alzheimer's disease is ongoing.
 Future foods might include those with high
levels of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory
properties, and compounds that promote brain
function.
 Examples include blueberries, fatty fish,
turmeric, green tea, and foods rich in omega-3
fatty acids.

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 ---END

THANKS

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