An analysis of aerodynamic forces on a

delta wing
YI-SHIANG KE

Advisor: Yi-Ju Chou Ph.D.

Institute of Applied Mechanics
National Taiwan University

December 6th, 2022

Chang, C. C., & Lei, S. Y. (1996). An analysis of aerodynamic forces on a delta wing. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 316, 173-196.
Outline
 Background and Motivation
 Introduction

 Results

Summary

 Future work

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Background ＆ Motivation
 In order to take into account the effect of compressibility, the force theory proposed by Chang (1992) for
incompressible viscous flows is here extended to analyze aerodynamic forces on a delta wing.

 To identify by numerical analysis the major source elements which contribute to the aerodynamic forces.

 low relative thickness keeps wave drag down , this makes delta wings especially attractive for supersonic
aircraft.

https://reurl.cc/kqn2VL Fig.1 F-16 Fighting Falcon

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Introduction (1)
 Auxiliary potential flow :

The velocity flied of induced will be :

The Boundary conditions :

At solid body surface

Far away from object

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of analysis area

Kung-Wei Liu.(2015). On the Theory of Force Elements with Turbulence Effects ： Large-Eddy Simulation.
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Introduction (2)
 Navier-Stokes equations :

−
𝜕𝑃
𝜕 𝑥𝑖
=𝜌
( 𝜕 𝑢𝑖
𝜕𝑡
+𝑢 𝑗
𝜕 𝑢𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝑗 ) −
𝜕𝜏 𝑖𝑗
𝜏 𝑖𝑗 =𝜆𝜗 𝛿𝑖𝑗 +2 𝜇 𝐸𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑥 𝑗

 Inner product with

❑
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜙 ❑
𝜕𝜙
❑
𝜕𝒖
❑
𝜕𝑢 𝑗 𝜕𝜙
−∫
𝜕 𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑗
𝑑𝑉 =−∫ 𝑃
𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝑛 𝑗 𝑑𝐴 ∫ 𝜌 𝜕𝑡 ∙ ∇ 𝜙 𝑑𝑉 =∫ 𝜌 𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑥 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑆 𝑉 𝑉 𝑗

❑
𝜕 𝑢𝑖 1
❑
𝜕 𝜌 𝜕 𝜙
❑
𝜕𝜙
∫ 𝜌 𝑢 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑑𝑉 =− 2 ∫ 𝒖 𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑥 𝑑𝑉 −∫ 𝜌 𝜖 𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜕 𝑥 𝑢 𝑗 𝜔 𝑘 𝑑𝑉
2

𝑉 𝑗 V 𝑗 𝑗 𝑉 𝑖

❑
𝜕𝜏 𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝜙 ❑
𝜕𝜙
❑
𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜙
❑
𝜕𝜙
❑ ❑
𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜙
−∫ 𝑑𝑉=−∫ 𝜅𝜗 𝑛 𝑗 𝑑𝐴+2∫ 𝜗 𝑑𝑉+∫ 𝜇𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑛 𝑗 𝜔𝑘 𝑑𝐴−∫ 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜔 𝑗 −2∫ 𝐸𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝑆 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝑉 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝑆 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑉 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑘 𝑉 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑗
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Introduction (3)
 Classification :
❑
𝜕𝒖
Ι =∫ 𝜌 ∙ ∇ 𝜙 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝜕𝑡
❑ ❑
1
ΙΙ = − ∫ 𝒖 2 ∇ 𝜌 ∙ ∇ 𝜙 𝑑𝑉 −∫ 𝜌 𝒖 × 𝝎 ∙ ∇ 𝜙 𝑑𝑉
2 𝑉 𝑉
❑ ❑
ΙΙΙ =−∫ 𝜅𝜗 ∇ 𝜙 ∙𝒏 𝑑𝐴+∫ 𝜇 𝒏 × 𝝎 ∙ ∇ 𝜙 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑆
❑
Ⅳ=∫ ∇ 𝜇 ∙ G ∙ ∇ 𝜙 𝑑𝑉 , 𝐺𝑖𝑗= 2𝜗 𝛿𝑖𝑗 +𝜖 𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜔𝑘 −2 𝐸𝑖𝑗
V

1 2
𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑥 ) =− 𝒖 ∇ 𝜌 ∙ ∇ 𝜙 𝑉 𝑒 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝜌 𝒖 ×𝝎 ∙ ∇ 𝜙
2

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Introduction (4)
 Geometric definitions of the present delta wing :
• Swept angle

• Angle of attack from to

• Free-stream Mach number from to

Fig.3 Geometric definitions of the physical problem.

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Results (1)
 Relative importance of source elements

M ∞ =0.6

1 2
( )
𝑅𝑒 𝑥 =− 𝒖 ∇ 𝜌 ∙ ∇ 𝜙
2
M ∞ =0. 8
𝑉 𝑒 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝜌 𝒖 ×𝝎 ∙ ∇ 𝜙

M ∞ =1 . 8

Fig.4 Source element contributions (normalized)

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Results (2)
 Divide the computed flow region into the windward and
leeward.

Fig.5 Analysis of at

9
Results (3)

Fig.6 Analysis of at

10
Results (4)

Fig.7 Analysis of at

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Summary
 is always positive, and increases steadily with increasing either , or .

 The value of even becomes negative as the Mach number is increased past about .

 It is found that there are two major source elements and which contribute about 95% or even more to the
aerodynamic forces for all the cases.

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Future work
 Find other methods of flow control in compressible flows,

 Review aerodynamics.

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Thank you for listening