Chapter Three

Drawing Representation:
Sectioning, Welding and Surface Texture

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Purpose

This chapter provides an overview of how to:

 apply sectioning techniques to engineering
drawings
 draw sectional views
 represent standard welding data and instructions
on drawings
 indicate the application of surface texture
requirements from machining and other processes
on component drawings.

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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings
3.1 Sectioning—symbols and methods
p.42
 Sectional view: part of an object that remains after
a portion has been removed.
 Reveals interior detail
 Only solid material at cutting plane is shown
 Typical sectional views for mechanical engineering are
illustrated on pp43–47.

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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings
Hatching lines
 The general symbol ‘hatching’ lines are used to
indicate face that’s been revealed.
 Hatching lines: thin lines normally drawn at 45°
(right or left) to the horizontal.
 Hatching lines are not to be parallel to sides of
object, therefore, another angle may be necessary.
 Refer to Figure 3.2, p.42.

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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings

Adjacent parts
 When two parts are adjacent to each other
hatching should be at right angles.
 Three or more parts may be distinguished by
varying the spacing and/or angle of hatching lines.
Refer to Figure 3.3(a) and (b), p.42.
Dimensions
 Dimensions may be inserted by interrupting the
hatching lines. Refer to Figure 3.3(c).

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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings

Large areas can be shown by hatching around the

edges only; see Figure 3.3(d), p.42.
Sectional view and cutting plane
Cutting planes preferably pass through external view
and are represented by a thin chain line (type H line);
arrowheads indicate the direction of viewing. Refer to
Figure 3.4.
Specific cutting plane identified by letters near the
tail of the arrow head (e.g. A)
Sectional view identified by letters separated by a
hyphen (e.g. section A-A); see Figure 3.7.
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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings

Hatching thin areas

 Thin areas (i.e. gaskets, plastic sheet, packing,
sheet metal etc.) when sectioned should be filled
in, not hatched. Refer to Figure 3.6(a), p.43.
 For two or more adjacent thin areas a small space
should be left between the objects. Refer to Figure
3.6(b).

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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings

Exceptions to the general rules

 Webs, shafts, bolts, rivets, keys, pins, rods, balls
and similar parts are not sectioned but displayed
as a full outline. See Figure 3.7, p.43.

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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings

Interposed, revolved and removed sections

 The cross-section shape of a bar, arm, spoke or rib
may be shown as a revolved or interposed section.
 Interposed section has detail adjacent to it removed;
drawn using a thick line.
 Revolved section is a removed cross sectional shape
drawn with adjacent detail using thin lines and
rotated to show full form. Refer to Figure 3.8, p.43.
 Removed sections are similar to revolved, but the
cross-section is removed clear of the main outline
(Figure 3.9, p.44).
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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings

 To show hidden detail a part or local section may

be taken at a suitable location and is drawn
freehand (Figure 3.10, p.44).
 If the component to be sectioned is not on one
plane, the cutting plane may be bent to pass
through the relevant detail; however, the section
view does not indicate the plane was bent (Figure
3.11(a), p.44).
Note: heavy lines are used to show where the
cutting plane changes direction.

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Apply sectioning techniques to
engineering drawings

 Holes in circular elements can be rotated to the

cutting plane at the true pitch distance from
centre. Refer to Figure 3.11(a), p.44.

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Draw sectional views

 Sectional views are included in normal orthogonal

drawings to show internal detail otherwise only
represented by hidden detail

Figure 3.13
Figure 3.12
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Draw sectional views

 Full sectional views are basically the component

cut in half (down the middle) along the cutting
plane (see Figure 3.13).
 Offset sectional views show interior detail which
lies along two or more planes. Refer to Figures
3.14 and 3.15, p.46.
 Half sectional views effectively remove a quarter of
an object (generally symmetrical about a centre
line). Hidden detail may be included in quarter not
sectioned (see Figures 3.16 and 3.17).

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Rules to remember when sectioning.

 A sectional view shows the part of the component

in front of the cutting plane arrows. In third angle
projection the sectional view is placed on the side
behind the sectioning viewing plane.
 Material which has been cut by the cutting plane is
hatched with some standard exceptions.
 A sectional view must not have any full lines drawn
over hatched areas.
 Generally, hatched areas are not dimensioned
unless unavoidable.

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Welding drafting and standards

 Refer to AS1100 (Graphic symbols for general

engineering) Part 3 for in-depth information.

Figure 3.18

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Welding drafting and standards

 ‘Weld symbol’ indicates type of weld only.

 ‘Welding symbol’ is a complete instruction
indicating the particular joint, type of weld and
supplementary instructions necessary to complete
the weld. Refer to Table 3.1 Basic symbols for
welding and Figure 3.18 Standard location of
elements on a welding symbol, pp.47–48.

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The standard welding symbol

Standard welding symbol (see Figure 3.18)

 Arrow inclined between 30 to 90 degrees which
points to weld in either direction.
 Horizontal reference line 20 to 30mm long.
 Tail for supplementary information when required.
 A basic weld symbol is located in centre position of
the reference line, either above, below or both
(Table 3.1).
 Supplementary symbols are positioned around the
symbol in certain positions.

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Welding drafting

 Reference to Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.5 (pp.48–50)

and the letter designation table of welding
processes (Table 3.3, pp.51–52) will assist in
drawing the required welding symbol.
 Figure 3.19, p.49, illustrates the standard
terminology for various elements of fillet and butt
welds.

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Welding drafting

 Where possible the arrow should be positioned

adjacent to the weld, with the symbol underneath
the reference line, indicating a weld at the arrow.
 Where a weld side is not accessible due to other
detail, the symbol is placed on top of the reference
line, indicating the weld is on the other side of the
feature.

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Welding drafting

 Supplementary information (e.g. Table 3.3) is

included at a tail added to the reference line (see
Figure 3.18) and positioned where indicated.
 A procedure sheet may be added to the drawing
itemising production information such as type of
material, form of weld, set up details, number of
runs, electrode size/type, electrical supply,
preheating requirements, pre- and post treatments,
and any other relevant detail deemed necessary.

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Welding drafting

 The arrow is cranked as shown in Figure 3.21,

p.50, and points to the plate, indicating which
plate has to be prepared for welding a single bevel
or single—J butt joint.
 The crank can be omitted when the edge to be
prepared is obvious.

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Surface texture

 Surface finish specifications (finish, production

methods and/or roughness of surface) can be
identified on a drawing when required.
 Surface roughness measurement ( ) is the
average difference between the peaks and troughs
to a centre line over a sampling length. Refer to
Figure 3.23, p.53.
 A roughness symbol should only be used once for
a given surface.

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Surface texture

 Surface finish symbols have a basic shape which

may have further information attached to it.
 Figure 3.24(a) illustrates the basic symbol.
 Figure 3.24(b) illustrates a basic symbol with a bar
indicating a machined flat finish.
 Figure 3.24(c) illustrates a basic symbol with a
circle indicating removal of material is not
permitted.
 Figure 3.24(d) illustrates type of information that
may be included.
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Surface texture

 Table 3.8, p.57 lists the various roughness values

( ) and processes used to produce them.
 Table 3.9, p.58 provides a more detailed
specification of the roughness range applicable to
various production processes.

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Surface texture

 The symbol should be able to be read from the

bottom or right-hand side of the drawing.
 Should be applied to the edge of the surface in
question.
 Extension and leader lines may be incorporated.
 Fig 3.25, p.54 illustrates correct methods for
applying.
 Where necessary roughness grade numbers may
be used instead of value. Refer to Table 3.6,
p.54.

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Direction of surface pattern or lay

 Table 3.10, p.58, illustrates the standard symbols

for various lay directions resulting from different
production processes.

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Representation of common features.

 Table 3.11, p.59, shows typical examples of

features which would normally involve unnecessary
drawing time and space.

 Table 3.12, p.62, illustrates bolts, nuts and screws

and the convention for drawing them.

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 Summary

 To create a section view, the cutting plane must be

identified by use of a thin chain line, preferably with
arrow heads identifying the direction for viewing.
Sectional views can be full, aligned, partial, offset
and half, and are identified by hatching lines.
 When drawings include welded features, this entails
the use of welding symbols and/or a procedure
sheet to identify all relevant requirements for the
weld process.

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 Summary

 Operational surfaces often require a specific

surface finish, indicated on the drawing by the
surface finish symbol; information on the symbol
may include all necessary tasks to achieve the final
finish.
 To reduce drawing time, common features are
represented by a drawing convention simplifying
their appearance.

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