CHEMICAL CHANGES AND

REACTIONS
MAKING OF SOAPS

PRESENTATION BY JAIKRIT BIJLANI AND ISHAAN MITTAL

 WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

• CHEMISTRY IS THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH THE COMPOSITION

OF MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES. IT ALSO DEALS WITH CHEMICALS AND
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE.
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO STUDY CHEMISTRY AS IT EXPLAINS HOW THINGS ARE
COMPOSED OF AND HELPS US A LOT IN OUR DAILY LIVES.
 WHAT IS A CHEMICAL REACTION ?

CHEMICAL REACTION IS A PROCESS IN

WHICH ONE OR MORE SUBSTANCES, THE
REACTANTS, ARE CONVERTED TO ONE OR
MORE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES, THE
PRODUCTS.
IN SIMPLE LANGUAGE ,CHEMICAL
REACTIONS OCCUR WHEN CHEMICAL BONDS
BETWEEN ATOMS ARE FORMED OR BROKEN.
THE SUBSTANCES THAT GO INTO A
CHEMICAL REACTION ARE CALLED THE
REACTANTS, AND THE SUBSTANCES
PRODUCED AT THE END OF THE REACTION
ARE KNOWN AS THE PRODUCTS.
 WHAT IS CHEMISTRY OF SOAPS?

COMMONLY USED AMONG THE MASSES. USUALLY USED WHEN WE TAKE A BATH
TO CLEAN OUR BODY. IT CAN BE FRAGRANT AND NON FRAGRANT.
WHEN MADE, IT INVOLVES THE HYDROLYSIS OF A TRIGLYCERIDE (FAT OR OIL)
USING AN ALKALINE SOLUTION USUALLY LYE, CHEMICAL NAME SODIUM
HYDROXIDE.
WHAT IS TRIGLYCERIDE?
THERE ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF FAT PRESENT IN OUR BODY. IT IS A TYPE
OF FAT ALSO KNOWN AS LIPID. IT CIRCULATE IN OUR BLOOD. HIGH AMOUNTS OF
TRIGLYCERIDE CAN INCREASE THE LEVELS OF HEART ATTACK AND STROKE.
 COMPOSITION OF TRIGLYCERIDES

• TRIGLYCERIDES IS COMPOSED OF GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY ACIDS. THEY ARE

PALMITIC ACID, OLEIC ACID AND ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID.
• PALMITIC ACID ARE COMMON SATURATED FATTY ACID. THEY ARE SYNTHESIZED
FROM OTHER FATTY ACIDS, AMINO ACIDS AND CARBOHYDRATES. IT CONTAINS
16 ATOMS OF CARBON, 32 ATOMS OF HYDROGEN AND 2 ATOMS OF OXYGEN.
(C₁₆H₃₂O₂)
 MAKING OF SOAP

• SOAP IS THE PRODUCT OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

BETWEEN WHITE, ALKALINE CRYSTALS CALLED LYE
(ALSO KNOWN BY THE CHEMICAL NAME SODIUM
HYDROXIDE) WITH TRIGLYCERIDES (THE CHEMICAL
NAME FOR OILS, WAXES AND FATS). THE SCIENTIFIC
WORD WHICH DESCRIBES THIS CHEMICAL REACTION
IS SAPONIFICATION
• SAPONIFICATION CAN BE DEFINED AS A “HYDRATION
REACTION WHERE FREE HYDROXIDE BREAKS THE
ESTER BONDS BETWEEN THE FATTY ACIDS AND
GLYCEROL OF A TRIGLYCERIDE, RESULTING IN FREE
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL,” WHICH ARE EACH
SOLUBLE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.
 HOW SOAP WORKS

• SOAP LIKES BOTH WATER AND OIL,

WHICH MAKES IT A SURFACTANT – IT IS
BOTH HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC.

• WHEN YOU WASH YOUR HANDS, THE

SOAP BRIDGES THE HYDROPHILIC WATER
AND HYDROPHOBIC OIL (WHICH
CONTAINS GERMS) ON YOUR HANDS.

• GERMS STICK TO THE LAYER OF OIL WE

ALL HAVE ON OUR HANDS.
 CREDITS

PRESENTATION BY JAIKRIT BIJLANI AND ISHAAN MITTAL

CHARTS AND POSTERS BY ISHAAN GUPTA
MODEL BY ISHITA GHOSH