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1.3. Components of The Cell IISubcellular Organelles 070141
1.3. Components of The Cell IISubcellular Organelles 070141
The chromatin and the chromosomes contain DNA and some RNA.
This is where the rRNA joins with proteins to form the subunits of
ribosomes. Messenger RNA is a mobile molecule that acts as an
intermediary for DNA, which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a
protein. Transfer RNA participates in the assembly of amino acids into a
polypeptide by recognizing both mRNA and amino acids during protein
synthesis.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the
organelles that use instructions
from the nucleus, written in
mRNA, to build proteins.
Ribosomes are composed of
small and large subunits. These
can be found in the cytosol,
which are called free ribosomes.
They can also be attached to the
outside of the endoplasmic
reticulum or nuclear envelope,
as bound ribosomes.
The DNA programs protein production
in the cytoplasm by transferring its
coded information to a molecule called
messenger RNA. The mRNA molecule
then carries the order to build a certain type
of protein from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm. The mRNA exits through pores
in the nuclear envelope and travels to the
cytoplasm, where it then binds to
ribosomes. The ribosome moves along the
mRNA, translating the genetic message into
a protein with a specific amino acid
sequence.
The Endomembrane System
Camillo Golgi
Golgi Bodies
It serves as a warehouse and processing
station for products manufactured by the
endoplasmic reticulum. Products made in
the endoplasmic reticulum reach the Golgi
bodies in transport vesicles. Enzymes in the
Golgi body put finishing touches on
proteins and lipids that have been delivered
from the endoplasmic reticulum. The
finished products of Golgi bodies are sorted
and packaged into new vesicles that carry
them to the plasma membrane or to
lysosomes.
Lysosomes
A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes that is
absent in plant cells. It is developed from vesicles that bud off from the
Golgi bodies. It has a very low pH and stores powerful hydrolytic-enzymes
in an inactive state.
Cells enclosed damaged organelles or small amounts of cytosol
in membrane sacs. A lysosome fuses with such a vesicle and
dismantles its contents, making organic molecules available for
reuse. The cell continually renews itself.