ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS
Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon-containing compounds and
their properties.
This term was used to described compounds
formed by living systems.
Organic compounds
are considered as carbon-containing chemical
compounds of living things because of their association
with organisms and life processes.
Their structure, properties, reactions, compositions
and preparation are the core topics of organic chemistry.
Biological Chemistry or
Biochemistry

Another study of carbon-containing

compounds and responsible for
maintaining and producing life.
Objectives
1.Describe the different functional groups (STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-87);
2.Describe structural isomerism and give examples
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-89);
3.Describe some simple reactions of organic compounds:
combustion of organic fuels, addition, condensation, and
saponification of fats (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-90);
4.Describe the preparation of selected organic compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-97)
 Hydrocarbons &
Functional Groups
 Organic chemistry is the
chemistry of carbon. The name
“organic” reflect the fact that
organic molecules are derived
from living organisms.
Organic compounds are carbon-containing
compounds that do not only pertain to
hydrocarbons but also compounds with any
number of other elements, including hydrogen
(most compounds contain at least one
carbon–hydrogen bond), oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, halogens, silicon, and sulfur.
Activity 1: Matching Type
Directions: Match column A with the corresponding item in
column B. Write the letter of your answer for each number.

1. ketone a. carbonyl group

2. carboxylic acid b. hydroxyl group
3. alkane c. general formula R3N
4. alkyne d. triple bond
5. ester e. smell of fruits
6. alcohol f. fuels
7. amine g. vinegar
8. hydrocarbon h. carbon and hydrogen
 Can be classified into

Can be
open chain closed chain benzene-based

name when bonding

Alkane structural
Can form
(CnH2n+2) isomers
called saturated cis-trans
Alkene isomers
Can form
(CnH2n)
enantiomers
called unsaturated
Alkyne
(CnH2n-2)
Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons

Figure 1. Classification of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons
-a compound composed of only carbon
and hydrogen atoms and is considered as
one of the major groups of organic
compounds.

Two Main Classes of Hydrocarbons

1. Aliphatic - those that do not contain benzene
ring
2. Aromatic - those that contain benzene ring
 Hydrocarbons
• Organic molecules contain carbon combined with other
elements.
• Organic molecules are grouped into families
• Members of a family share common structural, physical, and chemical
characteristics.

• There are four families that contain molecules made of

only carbon and hydrogen.
• Hydrocarbons
• Alkanes
• Alkenes
• Alkynes
• Aromatics

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 Hydrocarbons

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 Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that
contain only carbon-carbon single
bonds.
• Every carbon atom participates in
4 single bonds, either to another
carbon or to a hydrogen.
• Every hydrogen atom is bonded to
a carbon by a single bond.
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 Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-
carbon single bonds.

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 Alkanes

Figure 2. Some common alkanes and cycloalkanes

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/12-2-structures-and-names-of-alkanes/)
(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/12-9-cycloalkanes/)

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 Alkanes
They are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons because they
hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond
to the carbon atoms present.

Some alkanes are gases and are used directly as fuels.

Saturated hydrocarbons that forms a single ring are called

cycloalkanes.

Alkanes are nonpolar, not very reactive, insoluble in water

and have little biological activity.

They are all colorless and odorless.

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 Alkanes
• Alkanes in which the carbons are connected in a
straight chain are called normal alkanes.

n-hexane

• Alkanes that are branched are called branched chain

alkanes.

2-methyl-pentane

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 Alkanes
• Alkanes, along with the other
hydrocarbons, are non-polar.

• They interact with each other only

through London dispersion forces.

• This is why they have relatively low

boiling and melting points.

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 Nomenclature of Alkanes
The names of all alkanes end with -ane.

Whether or not the carbons are linked

together end-to-end in a ring (called cyclic
alkanes or cycloalkanes) or whether they
contain side chains and branches, the
name of every carbon-hydrogen chain that
lacks any double bonds or functional
groups will end with the suffix -ane.

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 Nomenclature of Alkanes

Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains are simply

named by the number of carbons in the chain. The
first four members of the series (in terms of
number of carbon atoms) are named as follows:

1.CH4 = methane = one hydrogen-saturated carbon

2.C2H6 = ethane = two hydrogen-saturated carbons
3.C3H8 = propane = three hydrogen-saturated
carbons
4.C4H10 = butane = four hydrogen-saturated
carbons
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 Nomenclature of Alkanes
Alkanes with five or more carbon atoms are named by adding
the suffix -ane to the appropriate numerical multiplier,
except the terminal -a is removed from the basic numerical
term. Hence, C5H12 is called pentane, C6H14 is called hexane,
C7H16 is called heptane and so forth.

Straight-chain alkanes are sometimes indicated by the

prefix n- (for normal) to distinguish them from branched-
chain alkanes having the same number of carbon atoms.
Although this is not strictly necessary, the usage is still
common in cases where there is an important difference in
properties between the straight-chain and branched-chain
isomers: e.g. n-hexane is a neurotoxin while its branched-
chain isomers are not.

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 Alkanes
They interact with each other only through London dispersion
forces.
• Note how the boiling points increase with molecular weight.

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 Cycloalkanes
When there are three or more carbons in
a straight chain, the ends can be joined
to make rings.

• In naming these molecules, the prefix

cyclo- is used to indicate the ring:

• Skeletal structural formulas are used

to represent the rings in structural
formulas:
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 Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
The remaining three families of hydrocarbons are
unsaturated.

• Alkanes are saturated, which means they contain the

maximum number of hydrogens per carbon.

• For alkanes CnH(2n+2)

where "Cn" and "H2n+2" represent the number of carbon
and hydrogen atoms present in one molecule. If C n = 3,
then H2n+2 = 2(3) + 2 = 8. (For this formula look to the "n"
for the number, the "C" and the "H" letters themselves do
not change.)
Progressively longer hydrocarbon chains can be made and
are named systematically, depending on the number of
carbons in the longest chain.
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 Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds

• Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatics

are unsaturated, which means they
contain less than the maximum
number of hydrogens per carbon.
•Structurally, this means that they have
carbon-carbon double or triple bonds

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 Alkenes

also called as olefins.

are hydrocarbons that contain at least
1 carbon-carbon double bond.
They are all colorless and odorless in
nature except ethene.
They are insoluble in water due to their
nonpolar feature but are more reactive
than alkanes.
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 Example:

Figure 3. Short chain alkenes

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/alkenes-
structures-and-names/)

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 Alkynes
are hydrocarbons that contain at least 1
carbon-carbon triple bond.
They have physical properties similar to
alkanes and alkenes.
They dissolve in organic solvents, slightly
soluble in polar solvents, and are insoluble in
water.
Alkynes are more reactive and have
slightly higher boiling points compared to
alkanes and alkenes.
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 Example:

Ethyne Propyne Butyne

Figure 4. Short chain alkynes

(https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/physical-properties-of-alkynes-
37358/)

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 Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
Aromatics are unsaturated ring molecules
• They are often drawn to look like alkenes, but they
behave much differently than alkenes.
• They have an alternating pattern of double and single
bonds within a ring.
• Benzene is an example

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 Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
The physical properties of all hydrocarbons are the
same

• The have essentially one noncovalent interaction,

which is the London dispersion force.

• They have no electronegative atoms and therefore

have
• No ion/ion interactions
• No dipole/dipole interactions
• No hydrogen bonding interactions

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 Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
Naming of Alkenes and Alkynes work the same as for
alkanes, with these added rules:
• The parent chain must include both carbons in all double
and triple bonds.
• Pick the longest chain that also contains all double and triple bonds

• The -ene ending is used of alkenes

• The -yne ending is used for alkynes.
• The number of the first carbon in the double or triple bond
is included in the name to locate the double or triple bond.
• Number the parent chain from the end that is closes to the first double or
triple bond.

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 Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
Naming of Aromatics is based on benzene:
• When the molecule is build on benzene, the
parent name is “benzene”.
• There are also many common names used to
describe aromatic compounds.

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 Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
Naming of Aromatics is based on benzene:
• Aromatic compounds can contain multiple
aromatic rings

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 Organic Compounds: Functional Groups
 A group of atoms that is mainly responsible
for the chemical behavior of the parent
molecule is called functional group.

 Organic compounds may also be classified

according to the functional groups they
contain.

 Compounds with the same functional groups

undergo like reactions.

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 a. Alcohols- (R-OH; R=hydrocarbon)
 All alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group, -
OH.

 Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, which is produced

biologically by the fermentation of sugar or starch, is
by far the best known.

 The alcohols are very weakly acidic and are soluble

in water because of their polar nature.

 Most alcohols are highly flammable. Methanol is

highly toxic.
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 Methanol Ethanol Propanol Phenol

Figure 5. Some common alcohols

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/alcohols-nomenclature-and-
classification/)

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 b. Ethers- (R-O-R’; R, R’=hydrocarbon)
 Ethers contain the R-O-R’ linkage, where R and
R’ are hydrocarbon.
 They are slightly polar and slightly soluble in
water, but they are extremely flammable.
 They tend to slowly form explosive peroxides
when left standing in air.
 Diethyl ether, one of the common ethers, was
used as an anesthetic for many years but also
known for its irritating effects on the
respiratory system and the incidence of
postanesthetic vomiting and nausea.
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 b. Ethers- (R-O-R’; R, R’=hydrocarbon)

Figure 6. Some common ethers

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/ethers/)

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 c. Aldehydes and Ketones – ( , )

 The carbonyl group ( ) is the functional

group of aldehydes and ketones.
 At least one hydrogen atom is bonded to the
carbon in the carbonyl group in an aldehyde.
 The carbon atom in the carbonyl group is
bonded to two hydrocarbon groups in a ketone.
 Aldehydes and ketones are highly polar
molecules.
 The small aldehydes and ketones are soluble in
water, but solubility falls with chain length.

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 c. Aldehydes and Ketones – ( , )

 They also have slightly higher boiling and

melting points than alkanes.
 Formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, is used
in the laboratory to preserve animal
specimens.
 Acetone, the simplest ketone, is primarily
used as solvent for organic compounds and
as nail polish remover.

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 c. Aldehydes and Ketones – ( , )

Figure 7. Some common aldehydes and ketones

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/aldehydes-and-ketones-structure-and-names/)

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 d. Carboxylic acids –( )

 The functional group in carboxylic acids is the

carboxyl group,
 These acids are weak in nature and are
widely found in both plant and animal
kingdoms.
 Carboxylic acids are polar and are soluble
in water.
 Acetic acid, one of the common carboxylic
acids, is also known as vinegar.

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 d. Carboxylic acids –( )

Figure 8. Some common carboxylic acids

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/carboxylic-acids-
structures-and-names/)

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 e. Esters – ( )
 Esters have the general formula R’-COOR,
where R’ can be a hydrocarbon group or
Hydrogen and R is a hydrocarbon group.
 They are used in the production of perfumes
and as flavouring agents.
 The smell and flavour of many fruits come from
the presence of small quantities of esters.
 Oranges contain octyl acetate
(CH3COOCHCH3C6H13), and apples contain
methyl butyrate (CH3CH2CH2COOCH3).
 Esters are polar and water soluble.
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 e. Esters – ( )

Figure 9. Esters in some common fruits

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/esters-structures-and-names/)

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 Esters
Examples of some
flavorable esters:

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 f. Amines – ( )

Methylamine Diethylamine Purine Pyrimidine

Figure 10. Some common amines

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbiochemistry/chapter/amines-structures-and-names /)

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 Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids & Esters
Another distinguishing characteristic of many of the
families is odor.
• Your nose is actually a highly sensitive chemical detector.
• The members of different families can interact differently
with the receptors in your nose to produce smells that are
characteristic of the families they belong to.
• For example:
• Carboxylic acids produce the pungent, sometime unpleasant odors associated
with ripe cheeses, rancid butter and vomit.

• Esters, on the other hand, produce the sweet, often pleasant order associated
with flowers, perfumes and various natural and artificial flavorings.

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 Activity 2: Take your pick!
Directions: Choose one functional group which you like
most and fill out the table below with the needed details.
The most Why you find it Give a sample Give its Special Name Products
interesting more interesting structure of Properties and or things in which
than other your chosen Common Uses this functional group
functional Functional functional is present.
group. group? compound

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Activity 3: Identification
Directions: Identify what functional group the structural compound
represents. If the compound represents two or more functional
groups, list all groups being represented. If the compound is a
hydrocarbon, write the specific type of hydrocarbon class where it
belongs.

1. _____________ 2.________________ 3. _____________________

4. ______________ 5. ________________ 6. _____________________

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7. _______________ 8._________________ 9. _____________________
Thank you!!!