MAGNETIC

PARTICLE TESTING
INTRODUCTION
• Surface and Sub Surface Defects

• Only Magnetizable Materials

• Ex: Ferrous Alloys
• Not applicable to Aluminium, Copper,
Plastics, Ceramics, Magnesium etc.
 PRINCIPLE
• Magnetic Force Lines – North to South

MAGNETIC FLUX
UNMAGNETIZED STATE

MAGNETIZED STATE

Magnetic Domains
PRINCIPLE

Discontinuity perpendicular to the field

FLUX LEAKAGE
MPT PROCESS
MAGNETIC FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
• Permanent Magnets
• Horse Shoe Magnets – U shaped

ELECTRO MAGNETS

• Electron Flow
• Fleming Right Hand Rule
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
• Diamagnetic Materials
- Permeability less than that of vacuum
• Paramagnetic Materials
- Permeability >= 1 or that of air
• Ferro magnetic Materials
- Permeability >>> that of air
• MAGNETIC FLUX ( Ø )

- No. of lines of forces associated with mag.

Field.
UNITS : Webers
• FLUX DENSITY ( B) - flux per unit area
UNITS : Gauss
B=Ø/A
1 Wb = 10^8 lines of flux
1 Wb / m^2 = 1 Tesla
1 Gauss = 10^-4 Wb / m^2
• PERMEABILITY

- Ease with which a material can be magnetized

Permeability (µ) = flux density (B) / field strength (H)
• RELUCTANCE
- It is the resistance to change in magnetic field

OR the reciprocal of permeability

• RESIDUAL MAGNETISM
- The amount of magnetic flux retained in the material after the
the magnetizing current has been removed.
♦ RETENTIVITY
- The ability to retain residual magnetism

♦ COERCIVE FORCES
- The magnetic force required for
removal of your residual magnetism .
MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS LOOP

THE CURVE OR LOOP WHICH GIVES THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROPERTIES OF THE
MAGNETIC MATERIALS IS CALLED MAGNETIC
HYSTERESIS LOOP OR CURVE
 SURFACE PREPARARION

VAPOUR DEGREASING

MAGNETISATION - Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

CIRCULAR 

LONGITUDINAL 
MAGNETISING METHODS

CIRCULAR LONGITUDINAL
MAGNETISATION MAGNETISATION
LARGE CASTINGS HOLLOW SECTIONS

MAGNETIC YOKE
LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION
• YOKE
• COIL

CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION
• PRODS
• CENTRAL CONDUCTOR
• HEAD SHOT MACHINE

• WET HORIZONTAL EQUIPMENT

• MOBILE AND PORTABLE TESTING UNITS
TYPES OF MAGNETIZING CURRENT

• AC
110 to 440 VOLTS
• HALF WAVE DIRECT CURRENT
• FULL WAVE DIRECT CURRENT

- 700 TO 900 Amps / Inch on part dia upto 5

inch
- 100 to 300 Amps/ Inch on part dia upto 15
inch
LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

NI = 45000 / ( L / D )
TOL : + OR – 10 %

YOKE LIFTING CAPACITY

- AC …….. 4.5 Kgs
- DC …….. 18.1Kgs
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
APPLICATION OF POWDER

 DRY APPLICATION
  Good sub surface sensitivity
  Less sensitive for surface
  Good defect indication
WET APPLICATION OF POWDER

 Easy to apply
 Employed in stationary equipment
 Very high sensitivities- fluorescent
powder

SPRAY GUN SPRAY CAN

INTERPRETATION
 NORMAL
- Dry powder
- Solvent type- wet

 BLACK LAMP LUX METER

- wet flourescent

BLACK LIGHT ATTACHMENT

MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING
TECHNIQUES
• CONTINUOUS MAGNETISING TECHNIQUES

-- WET CONTINUOUS

-- DRY CONTINUOUS

• TRUE CONTINUOUS TECHNIQUES

• RESIDUAL MAGNETIZING TECHNIQUES

DEMAGNETIZATION
--- CURIE POINT HEATING
--- AC DEMAGNETIZATION
--- DC DEMAGNETIZATION
--- YOKE DEMAGNETIZATION
INTERPRETATION
--- FALSE INDICATIONS

--- NON-RELEVANT INDICATIONS

--- RELEVANT INDICATIONS

RECORDING
--- TAPE TRANSFER

--- MAGNETIC RUBBER METHOD

--- PHOTOGRAPHY
POST CLEANING

APPLICATIONS

 TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY

 FORGINGS

 TURBINES

 FLYWHEELS, FRAMES, SHAFTS,

ETC
TYPES OF INDICATORS
•PIE GUAGE

•BURMAH CASTROL STRIP

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH INDICATOR

GAUSS METER
 SETTLING TEST
VISIBLE POWDER CONCENTRATION
1.2 TO 2.4 ml PER 100 ml Bath Sample

FLOUROSCENT POWDER
CONCENTRATION

0.1 TO 0.5 ml PER 100 ml Bath Sample

SUSPENSION LIQUID
-- KEROSENE
-- PERTROLEUM HYDRO CARBON LIQUIDS
ADVANTAGES
 CHEAPER EQUIPMENT
 GOOD INDICATIONS & SENSITIVITY
 SUPERIOR TO OTHER SOPHISTICATED
TECHNIQUES
LIMITATIONS
 ONLY FOR FERRO MAGNETIC MATERIALS
 DEMAGNETISING IS REQUIRED
 SURFACE BURNING AT ELECTRICAL
CONTACT
 NEAR SURFACE DEFECTS CAN ONLY BE
FOUND