Topic -

TETANUS
Presented by :-
Gargi shukla
Bsc(N)2nd year
SINPS
 INTRODUCTION
• It is an infectious disease caused
by contamination of wounds from
the bacteria Clostridium tetani, or
the spores they produce that live
in the soil, and animal feces.
• Clostridium tetani produces 2 toxins,
 1.Tetanolysin (Cause red cell lysis)
 2.Tetanospasmin (muscle spasm/rigidity)

• Tetanus spores are found throughout the

environment, usually in soil, dust, and animal
waste.
• Tetanus is acquired through contact with the
environment; it is not transmitted from person to
person.
• As the infection progresses, muscle spasms in the
jaw develops, hence the common name, lockjaw.
• This is followed by difficulty swallowing &
general muscle stiffness & spasms in other parts
of the body.
• Incubation period - 1 day to several
months but is usually about eight days.
incidence
 Around a million cases occur worldwide each
year.
 If the patient does not receive treatment the
risk of life-threatening complications is
higher
 Mortality rates reported vary from 40% to
78%.
 in 2013 it caused about 59,000 deaths
 TETANUS
Tetanus is a
medical condition
characterised by
prolonged
contraction of
skeletal muscle
fibres.
ETIOLO
GY
Clostridium tetany
Spores tennis racket type
Tetanospasmin
 Risk
factors
 Puncture wounds — including from splinters, body piercings,
tattoos, injection drugs
 Gunshot wounds
 Compound fractures
 Crush injuries
 Burns
 Surgical wounds
 Injection drug use
 Ear infections
 Animal bites
 Infected foot ulcers
 Infected umbilical stumps in newborns born of inadequately
immunized mothers
Certain factors are necessary for tetanus
bacteria to proliferate in your body:
 Lack of immunization or inadequate
immunization — failure to receive timely
booster shots — against tetanus.
 A penetrating injury that results in tetanus
spores being introduced to the wound site.
 The presence of other infective bacteria.
 Injured tissue.
 A foreign body, such as a nail or splinter.
 Swelling around the injury.
Type
s-
CLINICAL
FEATURES
 Other
symptoms…
 Bloody stools
 Diarrhea
 Fever
 Headache
 Sensitivity to touch
 Sore throat
 Sweating
 Tachycardia
PATHOGENESIS
 Complicatio
ns
 Broken bones
 Disability
 Fractures
 Hypertension
 Laryngospasm
 Pulmonary embolism
 Aspiration
 Death
 Renal failure
 Weightloss
 DIAGNOSIS
Clinical diagnosis- spatula test the altered wristle

 Pysical examination
 Immunization history
 Medical history
 Sings and symptoms
 Serum electrolyte
 CBC
 ABG
 Managemen
t
 Anticonvulsants
 Muscle relaxants
 Vaccine
 Antibiotics
 Tetanus immunoglobulin
 Treating muscle spasms
 Muscles relaxants
 Neuromuscular blocking agents
PREVENTION
Nursing
Managemen
t
 Provide complete bed rest to the child.
 Keep the infant in dim lighted, quiet and well
ventilated room, as spasms can be precipitated
by bright light, noise or even touch.
 Minimiseexternal stimuli.
 Prompt suctioning and oxygen administration
is essential.
 Fluid and electrolyte balance should be
maintained.
 Due to spasm and increased mucle activity,
patients are exhausted and need extra calories,
so provide high calorie & protein diet to
patient.
 NG feed must b given in case of high fever
and tapid spunging too.
 Change patients position every 2 hourly to
prevent bed sores.
 General hygiene including bath,oral care, and
elimination should be maintained.
 Care of wound such as removal of necrosed
tissue, cleaning with hydrogen peroxide and
treatment with antibiotic ointment is done.
 Regularly monitor vital signs.
Thankyou