Formula and concentration

expression
Taha Baban
2021
 Formula
• Calamine lotion is an over-the-counter (OTC)
medication that's used to treat mild itchiness.
• Calamine formula :
Reducing or enlargement of formula
Reducing or enlargement of formula , How ?

• Step 1 determine the factor

• Step 2 Multiply the quantity of each ingredient

in the formula by the factor to determine the
amount of each ingredient required in the
reduced or enlarged formula.
examples
Example about reducing formula
Example about enlargemnet of formula
Formula weight
 Reducing or enlargement of formula

• Chapter 16 : practice problems

 Concentration expression
1. Percent
• Percent : sign (%) and mean part /100 part
12 % = 12 / 100 = 0.12
The concentration can expressed by percent in 3 ways
:
1. % W/V : for solutions or suspensions of solids in
liquids
2. % V/V : for solutions of liquids in liquids
3. % W/W :for mixtures of solids or semisolids
Percentage
examples
 W/V% meaning

• % W/V mean certain g of solute in 100 ml

solvent or solution : example : 1% (w/v)
solution = 1 g of solute in 100 mL of solution.
• As equation
% w/v = w (g) / v ml * 100
 Example
• How many grams of dextrose are required to
prepare 4000 mL of a 5% w/v solution?
• 5%(w/v) dextrose = 5 g /100 ml
• 5 g = 100 ml
xg 4000 ml

x = 200 g
 Example

• % w/v = w (g) / v ml * 100

0.02 g/ml = X g / 250 ml * 100
X = 0.05 g
 Example
• What is the percentage strength (w/v) of a
solution of urea, if 80 mL contains 12 g?
• % w/v = w (g) / v ml * 100
• %w/v = 12g / 80 ml *100
• %w/v = 15%
 V/V% meaning
• V/V% meaning mean ? ml of liquid (solute) in 100
volume of other liquid ( solvent)
• % V/V = V 1(ml) / V1 ml+ V2 ml * 100

• How many milliliters of liquefied phenol should be

used in compounding the following prescription?
Liquefied Phenol 2.5%
Calamine Lotion ad 240 mL
 Solution
• Proportion
2.5 ml = 100 ml
X = 240 ml
X = 6 ml
 Example
• In preparing 250 mL of a certain lotion, a
pharmacist used 4 mL of liquefied phenol.
What was the percentage (v/v) of liquefied
phenol in the lotion?
• % V/V = V 1(ml) / V1 ml+ V2 ml * 100
= 4/250 * 100
= 1.6 %
 % W/W meaning
• % W/W mean ? Gram of active ingredient in
100 grams of mixture
%W/W = W (API in g) / W of mixture * 100
How many grams of HC are required to prepare
200 gram of a 1% HC ointment?
1 g HC = 100 g mix.
Xg = 200 g Mix.
X =2 g HC
 Example
• How many grams of a drug substance are required to make 120
mL of a 20% (w/w) solution having a specific gravity of 1.15?
• Sp gr. = mass of sub/weigh of equal volume of water
120 mL of water weighs 120 g
1.15 = w/120 g
w=138g
20 g = 100 g
x g = 138
X=27.6 g
 Example
• How many milligrams of hydrocortisone should be
used in compounding the following
prescription?
Rx/ Hydrocortisone 1⁄8 %
Hydrophilic Ointment ad 10 g
Sol./ 1⁄8% = 0.125%= 0.125g/100g
0.125g = 100 g
X = 10 g
X = 12.5 mg
example
 Solution
a. 1.5% = 1.5g/100 g
1.5g = 100 g
X g = 30 g mix So X = 0.45 g
b. H.C injection = 100 mg /ml = 0.1g/ml
0.1 g = ml
0.45 g = X So X= 4.5 ml
c. 1.W of HC inj. = sp.gr. * V ml = 1.5* 4.5 = 6.75 g
2. 30 g mix – 6.75g weight of HC = 23.25 g weight
of cold cream
 Ratio strength
• Other way for concentration expression
• 5% (percent strength ) = 5 parts per 100 part =
5: 100 as ratio strength = 1: 20 as ratio
strength .
• Converting ratio strength to percent strength
1. Convert the last two zero in ratio strenght to
sing %
2. Divide the last part
 Converting ratio strength to percent strength

• 1: 100 = 1/1 % = 1%
• 1: 25 00 = 1/25 % = 0.04 %
 Example
How many grams of potassium permanganate
should be used in preparing 500 mL of a 1:2500
solution?
Step 1 : convert ratio to percent
1: 25 00 = 1/25 % = 0.04 %
0.04 g solute = 100 ml solution
Xg = 500 ml
X = 0.2 g
 Conversions
• To convert product percentage strengths to mg/mL,
multiply the percentage strength, expressed as a whole
number, by 10.
Example : 4 % * 10 = 40 mg /ml
• To convert product ratio strengths to mg/mL, divide the
ratio strength by 1000.
Example : 1 : 10,000 (w/v) / 1000 = 1mg / 10 ml = 0.1
mg/ml
 Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
• The strengths of very dilute solutions are commonly
expressed in terms of parts per million (ppm)or parts
per billion (ppb),
• i.e., the number of parts of the agent per 1 million
or 1 billion partsof the whole.
• For example, we are all familiar with fluoridated
drinking water in which fluoride has been added at
levels of between 1 to 4 parts per million
(1:1,000,000 to 4:1,000,000) for the purpose of
reducing dental caries
 Examples
• Express 5 ppm of iron in water in percentage
strength and ratio strength
• 5 ppm = 5 parts of per 1000,000 part of
solution
• 5 / 1000,000 = 5 : 1000,000 = 5/ 10000 % =
0.0005%
 Percentage, Ratio Strength, and
Other Expressions of Concentration
• Chapter 6 practice problems