(UNIT X)

COUNSELIN
GAcknowledge
LECTURER INS (KMU)
Objective
sAt the end of this unit learners will be able to:
 Define Counseling.
 Identify that what issues does counseling addressed.
 Describe roles of counseling psychologist.
 Explain types and functions of counseling.
 Describe major counseling perspectives.
 Demonstrate understanding of the counseling
process.
 Demonstrate understanding of applying
counseling techniques in various scenarios.
What is
Counseling?
 Counseling is a face to face relationship between counselor
and client.
Definition:
 Counseling psychology can be defined as a professional
psychology field that pays attention to the “emotional,
social, vocational, educational, health-related,
developmental, and organizational concerns.
What Issues Does Counseling
Address?
 Addiction and abuse of alcohol and other drugs
 Adjustment issues, including adjustment to college life
 Anger management
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Eating disorder
 Relationship difficulties, including roommates,
significant others, and professors
 Stress management
 Thoughts of suicide
 Trauma
Group
counseling
 Group counseling is a form of therapy where people
with similar experiences/issues come together with
a professional therapist.
It’s usually focused on a particular issue, like:
 Addiction
 Eating disorder
 Bereavement
 Depression
Psychotherapy
Therapy, also called psychotherapy or counseling, is the
process of meeting with a therapist to resolve problematic
behaviors, beliefs, feelings, relationship issues.
Psychotherapy can be helpful in treating most mental health
problems, including:
 Anxiety Disorder
 Mood disorder
 Addiction
 Personality disorder
 Schizophrenia
Counseling Aims and Goals
 Enhancing coping skills

 Promoting Decision making

 Improving relationship

 Facilitating client’s potential

 Facilitating behavior change

 Role of counseling
psychologist
1. Counseling psychology concern with wellness, personal
growth, career, education and development.
2. Counselor are concern with social justice and advocate.
3. Counselor deals with client in a wide variety of setting e.g.
individual, in groups or in family setup.
4. Counselor focus on their clients goals and they help clients to
accomplish their goals.
5. Counseling psychologist help people with physical,
emotional and mental issues.
Types of
Counselors
 Career Counselor/Counseling:
Also known as career guidance, is counseling designed to
help with choosing, changing, or leaving a career and is
available at any stage in life.

 Mental health Counselor:

These professionals help patients with mental and
emotional problems, including anxiety, depression, stress
and low self- esteem
Cont….
.School Counselor
 In a school setting they may offer therapy to students,
depending upon their training. May also help parents
and students develop life skills or plan for college.

Marriage and family counselor:

 Marriage and family therapists are mental health
professionals that provide psychotherapy services and
support to individual clients as well as couples and
families.
Cont……
Rehabilitation counselor:
 They work with disabled individuals to build skills, cope
with feelings of anxiety and depression, and find solutions
to problems.
Function of
counselor
1. To provide a relationship between counselor
and counselee.
2. To provide an alternative in self-understanding.
3. To provide leadership in developing a
healthy psychological environment for his
client .
4. To provide for improvement of the counseling
process through constant individual criticism.
Counseling
Process
Stage one: (Initial disclosure) Relationship building

 The counseling process begins with relationship building.

 This stage focuses on the counselor engaging with the

client to explore the issues that directly affect them.

 The counselor focuses on using good listening skills

and building a positive relationship.

 When successful, it ensures a strong foundation for

future dialogue and the continuing counseling process.
Counseling
Process………
Stage two: (In-depth exploration) Problem
assessment

 The counselor carefully listens and draws out information

regarding the client’s situation (life, work, home,
education, etc.) and the reason they have engaged in
counseling.

 Information crucial to subsequent stages of counseling

includes identifying triggers, timing, environmental
factors, stress levels, and other contributing factors.
Counseling
Process………
Stage three: (Commitment to action) Goal setting

 Effective counseling relies on setting appropriate and realistic

goals, building on the previous stages.

 The goals must be identified and developed collaboratively,

with the client committing to a set of steps leading to a
particular outcome.
Counseling
Process………
 Stage four: Counseling intervention

 This stage varies depending on the counselor and the theories

they are familiar with, as well as the situation the client
faces.

 For example, a behavioral approach may suggest engaging in

activities designed to help the client alter their behavior.
In comparison, a person-centered approach seeks to engage
the client’s self-actualizing tendency.
Counseling
Process………
Stage five: Evaluation, termination, or referral

 Termination may not seem like a stage, but the art of ending
the counseling is critical.

 Drawing counseling to a close must be planned well in

advance to ensure a positive conclusion is reached
while avoiding anger, sadness, or anxiety

 This may lead to a referral if required.

Major counseling
Perspectives
Most counseling approaches fall within four
broad theoretical categories as mentioned
below:
 Psychoanalytic
 Affective
 Cognitive
 Behavioral
Psychoanalytic
perspectives
 Psychoanalytic therapy is a form of talking therapy based
on the theories of Sigmund Freud.

 Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis.

 Freud was really interested in neurotic disorders
(insomnia, fatigue, depression and paralysis)

 According to Freud, the structure of personality consists

of three parts: conscious, subconscious and unconscious
mind
 Affective Approach (Rogerian
Approach)
Client Centered Therapy

 Client Centered Therapy, also known as Client-Centered

Counseling or Person-Centered Therapy

 Client-center therapy was developed by CARL

ROGERS
 He emphasize the importance of the quality of the
relationship between the client and the
Client Centered
Therapy
 The "techniques" are simply ways of expressing and
communicating an attitude; self is used as an
instrument.

 One emphasis is on the “here and now” of the individual

existence and to help the client focus on her present
feelings by expressing them verbally Techniques of CCT.
 Facilitate personal growth and development
 Eliminate or lessen feelings of distress
 Increase self-esteem and openness to experience
 Enhance the client’s understanding of him- or herself
Behavioral
Perspectives
Behavioral approaches are designed to change unwanted
or maladaptive behavior through the application of basic
learning principals

 Behavioral approaches maintain that both abnormal and

normal behaviors are learned.

 Cognitive behavioral approaches maintain that behavior and

perception play a equal role in the process of change
Behavioral
Perspective
Classical conditioning (respondent)
Pavlov's classical conditioning is the
best example of respondent
learning, which occurs due to
association between two stimuli.
Behavioral
Perspective
Operant conditioning (instrumental)
Condition occurs when a response is
emitted in order to obtain an outcome
that reinforces the individual.
Lab rats press a lever when a green light is on, they receive
a food pellet as a reward. When they press the lever when a
red light is on, they receive a mild electric shock. As a
result, they learn to press the lever when the green light is
on and avoid the red light.
Cognitive
perspectives
 Cognitions are thoughts, beliefs, and
internal images that people have about
events in their lives.
 Cognitive theories of counseling focus on
these mental processes and their
influences on mental health.
Cognitive Approach
Goals
 The promotion of self-awareness and emotional
intelligence by teaching clients to “read” their
emotions and feelings
 Helping clients understand how distorted
perceptions and thoughts contribute to painful
feelings.
 The development of self-control by teaching clients
specific techniques to identify and challenge
distorted thinking
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT)
 Counseling will focus on a client’s ability to
accept behavior, clarify problems and
difficulties and understand the reasoning behind
the importance of setting goals.

 With the help of self-management training,

assertive exercises and role-playing the
counselor can help a client work towards
goals .
Interventions
Behavioral techniques
 Techniques in behavioral therapies apply the learning
principles to change maladaptive behaviors.

Psychoanalytic Method
 Psychoanalytic therapy looks at how the unconscious mind
influences thoughts and behaviors

 Freud described the unconscious as the reservoir of

desires, thoughts, and memories that are below the surface
of conscious awareness
Interventions
Affective model of counseling
 CCT
 Client –center theory place little stress on techniques
 It emphasizes the counselor’s person, belief, and attitude
and the counseling relationship itself.

Cognitive Behavioral Approach

 The major techniques of REBT are labeled as directive
teaching.

 Cognitive behavioral therapy can be thought of as a

combination of psychotherapy and behavioral
therapy.
Interventions
Techniques in rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT)

 Rational emotive behavior therapy was one of the first

cognitive behavior therapies.

 It is also known as REBT.

 It is a form of cognitive behavior therapy that emphasizes

reorganizing cognitive and emotional functions, redefining
problems, and changing attitudes in order to develop
more acceptable patterns of behavior.
Cont….
.In REBT following emotional techniques are
used;
 Rational emotive imagery
 Role playing
 Humor
 Shame attacking exercise
Valuable Skills for Each
Phase
 Good communication is vital to all stages of counseling. Skills
should ideally include:
• Active listening
• Clarification
• Reflection
• Effective questioning
Cont…
. Be able to experience and show empathy (rather

than sympathy)
 See things from the client’s perspective
 Have a genuine interest in others’ wellbeing
 Use self-reflection to observe themselves and empathize with
others
 Show accessibility and authenticity during counseling
sessions
 Be flexible in their views and thinking regarding differing
values and multicultural issues
 Be able to maintain a sense of humor
 Be resilient and able to bounce back from difficult
situations
Reference
shttps://www.slideshare.net/JiyaAbdulSattar/counseling-

psychology-124937751