LESSON 5:

FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLES
If the number of measures in consideration is
rather big, the presentation of data is further
simplified by grouping the measures into
class intervals called a frequency distribution.
A frequency distribution is a distribution of
the total number of measures or frequencies
over arbitrarily defined categories or classes.
The number of measures falling under a class
is called class frequency.
Example 1. The frequency distribution below shows the scores
obtained by 300 students in an English test of 50 items.
Number of
Score Students
45-49 15
40-44 32
35-39 42
30-34 108
25-29 67
20-24 21
15-19 10
10-14 5
Total 300
In the example above, the symbol
45-49 and the other symbols which Number of
follow up to 10-14 are called class Score Students
intervals. The end numbers are 45-49 15
called class limits. For instance in
the class interval 45-49, 45 is called 40-44 32
the lower limit while 49 is called the 35-39 42
upper limit. 30-34 108
25-29 67
Each class interval has also a lower
boundary and a higher boundary. 20-24 21
For the class interval 45-49, the 15-19 10
lower boundary is 44.5 while the 10-14 5
higher boundary is 49.5. Hence, for
the class interval 45-49, 44.5 – 49.5 Total 300
are called the class boundaries.
The size of the class interval, also called class size is
the difference between the upper boundary and the
lower boundary. Hence, the class size in the given
example is 5
 A class interval has also a midpoint or a class mark.
It is obtained by taking half the sum of the lower and
upper class limit. For instance, the midpoint
of the class interval 45-49 is or 47.
 Range (R) is the difference of the Highest score (H)
and the lowest score (L) in the given data set.
The following are the suggested steps on how to make a
class interval:
 Determine the desired number of classes (n)
(number of rows)
 Solve for the class width (i)

Start the lowest class interval with the lowest value /

score in the given data set. (lowest score plus i)
Continue until the highest value in the distribution is
reached.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
 Bar chart
 A bar chart shows the open, high, low, and close prices for a specified period of
time.
 The vertical line on a price bar represents the high and low prices for the period.

 The left and right horizontal lines on each price bar represent the open and close
prices.
 Bar charts can be colored coded. If the close is above the open it may be colored
black or green, and if the close is below the open the bar may be colored red. (
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/barchart.asp).
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
 Histogram
 A histogram is a bar graph-like
representation of data that buckets a
range of outcomes into columns
along the x-axis.
 The y-axis represents the number
count or percentage of occurrences
in the data for each column and can
be used to visualize data
distributions. (
https://www.investopedia.com/term
s/h/histogram.asp
)
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
 Frequency Polygon
 is a graph constructed by using lines to join the midpoints of
each interval, or bin. The heights of the points represent the
frequencies. A frequency polygon can be created from the
histogram or by calculating the midpoints of the bins from the
frequency distribution table. The midpoint of a bin is
calculated by adding the upper and lower boundary values of
the bin and dividing the sum by 2. (
https://www.ck12.org/statistics/frequency-polygons/lesson/Fre
quency-Polygons-BSC-PST/#:~:text=A%20frequency%20pol
ygon%20is%20a,from%20the%20frequency%20distribution%
20table.
)
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Pie chart
A Pie Chart (or Pie Graph) is a special
chart that uses "pie slices" to show
relative sizes of data.
The chart is divided into sectors,
where each sector shows the relative
size of each value. (
https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/pie-c
hart-pie-graph.html

)
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Line Graph
A graph that shows information that
is connected in some way (such as
change over time).
Line segments are then drawn
connecting the points. It is use to
organize continuous data.
Very useful in identifying trends in
the data over time.
REFERENCES:
 Bluman, Allan G (2012). Elementary Statistics: a step by step approach. (8 th Ed) New York:
McGraw-Hill,
 Blay, Basilia e. (2007). Elementary Statistics. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc.,
 Calmorin, Laurentina P.,Pledad Ma. Lauremelch (2008). Nursing Biostatistics with Computer.
Manila: Rex Bookstore,
 Baltazar, E.C, Ragasa, C, Evangelista, J.(2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. C & E.
Publishing:Quezon City Philippines.
 Concepcio, Benjamin P. et.al. Business Statistics with Computer Applications. Sta. Monica Printing
Corp.: Manila, Philippines.
 Calano, Roel B., et.al. (2009). Biostatistics. (1 st ed) Educational Publishing House: Ermita, Manila,
Philippines
 http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html