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 Adverbs
&
Adverbials
 A
Agenda
Adverb

 Types of Adverbs

Adverbials

 Adjunct Adverbials

 Disjunct Adverbials

 Conjunct Adverbials

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 What is Adverb?
- An adverb modifies a verb, adjectives,
determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence. It
can tell how something is done and how
much or how many of something you have .

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Types of Adverb
  Adverb of Time

 The adverb of time tells when the verb or action happen.

Never, lately, just, always, recently, during, yet, soon,
sometimes, usually and so far are some examples of
adverbs of time.
Examples
: • So far, I • I haven’t • We recently
haven’t fail any seen you purchased a brand
exam. lately. new house and lot.

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  Adverb of Place

 The adverb of time tells where the action happen. It is

usually placed after the main verb or object or at the end of
the sentence.
Some examples of adverb of place are here, there, nowhere;
everywhere, out, above, below, inside, outside and into.
Example:
• We went inside the room and there were
thrash everywhere!

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  Adverb of Manner

 The adverb of manner tell how a verb or an action is done.

Most of them end in –ly. Some of these adverb of manner
are nearly, slowly, quickly, sadly, calmly, politely, etc.
Examples
: • My brother lazily sat on the sofa.

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  Adverb of Degree
 These adverbs tell the level of intensity of a verb,
adjective, or even another verb. Some examples are
almost, quite, nearly, too, enough, just, hardly, simply, so,
etc.
Examples
: • Can we go watch Spiderman 2, too?
• He is so excited to meet his new classmates.

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  Adverb of Frequency
 These adverbs of frequency describe how often the verb or
action occurs. They are placed before the main verb of a
sentence. Some of these are never, always, rarely,
sometimes, normally , seldom, usually, again, etc.
Examples
: • He never eats breakfast of his work schedule.
• He usually calls from overseas to ask how I am doing.

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The Three Degrees of Comparison of
Adverbs
 There are three  Often, adverbs are
degrees of compared using more and
most.
comparison –
the positive, the 1. Lino came quickly. [Positive]
comparative 2. Hazel came more quickly.
[Comparative]
and the 3. Jennie came most quickly.
superlative [Superlative]
.

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 A few adverbs are compared by means of the
endings ER and EST.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Loud Louder Loudest
Hard Harder Hardest

Some have irregular comparison.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Far Farther Farthest
Forth Further Furthest
Badly/ill Worse Worst

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 Note:
(1) Good and bad are not adverbs
(2)Ill and well, better and best and worse
and worst maybe used as adverbs or
adjectives.
(3) RATHER can be used as comparative.
 Use of Comparative Adverb and Superlative Adverb

• The comparative degree is used in comparing two persons or things.

• The superlative is for comparing one person or thing with two or more.

Examples:
Ruben is the more agreeable of the two.
Elmar is the most agreeable of all the family.
Jaden runs faster than Raffny.
Lawrence fastest of the three.
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  When two adjectives or adverbs contrast
by means of than, MORE is used with the
first.
1. Such absolution is more kind than wise.
2. This arrangement is more kind than honest.
3. He acts more boldly than discreetly.

Many adjectives and adverbs are incapable of comparison.

These are unique, universal, single, matchless, instantaneo
triangular, everlasting, Infinite, mortal; uniquely, singly,
eternally, mortally.
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 Activity:
Supply the missing part with and appropriate adverb.
1. Lion run ________ in the wild.
2. Sloths climb ______ up trees.
3. Mozart played the piano ______.
4. If the students fall asleep on class, my teacher ______ asks them to wake up.
5. Students have to whisper ______ in the Library.
6. When playing darts, you have to throw ______ in the middle of the dart board.
7. When you Bake cookies, you have to ______ follow instructions.
8. Mother lions _______ protect their babies.
9. During a driving test, you should drive _______.
10.For friends, we want to resolve any arguments ________.

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 Adverbials
Adjunct Adverbials, Disjunct Adverbials, Conjunct Adverbials
 What is Adverbials?

Adverbials are words that we employ to describe

a verb in more detail. They might be a single word
(angry, here) or a phrase (at home, in a few hours),
and, although they can be used for different
purposes, they frequently describe the where,
when, and how often something occurs or is done.
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 Three
different types We will see that the adverbial
of adverbial; function may be filled by a
number of different
1. Adjunct Adverbial categories: AdvP, PP, NP, and S
2. Disjunct Adverbial (the last will be treated in Chapter
3. Conjunct 9).
Adverbial.

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 Adjunct adverbials Adjunct adverbials (aA) generally answer one of the
following questions:

• How? (manner) e.g. carefully, with enthusiasm

• When? (time) e.g. yesterday, on Tuesday, after I left
• Where? (place) e.g. there, in the kitchen, where I was
• Why? (reason) e.g. for no reason, since I am poor
• How often? (frequency) e.g. twice, monthly
• How long? (duration) e.g. for two years

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 The four most common types of adjunct adverbials are manner, time, place, and reason.
The examples given above show AdvPs, PPs, and Ss functioning as adverbials. NP’s can also
occasionally function as adverbials; these fall into a number of different types:

• directional adverbs: home, upstairs, outside

• measure phrases: ten miles, two hours
• time expressions: today, this morning, last year, Tuesday

Adverbials are optional modifiers. Traditionally they are said to

be modifying the verb, but they are better understood as
modifying the verb together with its complements, which we can
call V-bar (V). Thus, we will introduce adverbials into our phrase
structure grammar as optional sisters of the V in the following
way (ignoring S for the present): 22
 Adverbials are optional modifiers. Traditionally they are said
to be modifying the verb, but they are better understood as
modifying the verb together with its complements, which we
can call V-bar (V). Thus, we will introduce adverbials into our
phrase structure grammar as optional sisters of the V in the
following way (ignoring S for the present):

VP  V PP
AdvP
NP

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 Our rule for V– is then the following;

• V → Vgp ({NP ({NP, AP, PP}), AP, PP (PP)})

It is common for more than one type of adverbial to appear in a

sentence, as In
We came here today for a breather. (COCA:NEWS)

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 where there is an adverbial of place (here), time (today), and reason (for a breather). If there
is more than one adverbial present, there will have to be more that one V– node; thus we
need to revise our rule for V– as follows:

V → Vgp ({NP({NP,AP,PP}),AP,PP(PP)})
V ({PP,AdvP,NP})

The sentence above would have the following tree diagram.

(Note that in this tree we are using a shorthand “triangle
notation” where we do not indicate the internal structure of
minor phrasal categories or those that are irrelevant for our
purposes. We will call these “generalized” trees.)
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(1) S

NP

VP
PRO

V P
WE P
For bad weather
V NP

today
Vgp AdvP
HINT: In drawing your
tree diagram, it is best in
these cases to work came here
backwards from the
end of the sentence
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 As many as four adverbials may occur,
although the order does not seem to be entirely
fixed, e.g. He left [for town] [quickly] [a few
minutes ago] [for help]
Corpus examples show us that adverbials are very free in their placement, appearing in
different positions in the sentence, not just sentence final:
sentence initial Yesterday I saw her blow a bubble. (COCA: FIC)
sentence final Roads remained dangerous and slow in many parts of the
region yesterday. (COCA: NEWS)
preverbal You always see new faces at those stops. (COCA: NEWS)
after the verb complement They sold their house quickly for a big profit.
(COCA: FIC)
within the auxiliary My mother and I have always been exceptionally close.
(COCA: MAG 27
 The various types of adverbials behave differently, however; while
all can occur sentence finally, time adverbials are acceptable
sentence initially and sometimes preverbally, place adverbials are
clumsy sentence initially, and manner adverbials frequently occur
preverbally but are less good sentence initially. One position which
is impossible for adverbials is between the verb and the direct
object (e.g. *They sold quickly their house for a big profit). We
will ignore the different positions of the adverbial. No matter what
their position in surface structure, we will generate all adjunct
adverbials in sentence-final position in D-structure and assume that
they are moved in a later operation.

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 Disjunct Adverbials

The second type of adverbial is the disjunct adverbial (dA).

Traditionally, these are known as sentence adverbs. They denote the
speaker’s attitude toward or judgment of the proposition, expressing, for
example, the speaker’s degree of truthfulness or his manner of speaking.
As in the case of adjunct adverbials, AdvPs or PPs (or Ss) may serve as
disjunct adverbials:
AdvP: seriously, truthfully, frankly, certainly, hopefully, sadly,
personally, confidentially, literally, foolishly, stupidly, oddly, surely,
clearly
PP: in all frankness, to my surprise, in broad terms, to my regret, of
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 Unlike adjunct
adverbials,
disjunct S → S AdvP
adverbials modify PP
the entire S, not NP
just the VP, so
they are generated
by the phrase
structure rules as
the optional sister
of S, as follows;
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 Note that disjunct adverbials appear most naturally at
the beginning of the sentence; they are moved to this
position on the surface.
Sometimes, the same lexical item can be both an
adjunct and a disjunct:
aA: I have seriously considered banning Christmas gifts this year.
(COCA:MAG)
dA: Seriously, it’s a pretty funny show. (COCA:FIC)

In the first sentence, seriously means ‘in a serious manner’, while in the
second it means ‘I am being serious when I say’
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 Conjunct Adverbials
The third type of adverbial is the conjunct adverbial (cA). Traditionally,
these are known as conjunctive adverbs. They express textual relations,
serving to link clauses; they have no function in their own clause. They
may be AdvPs or PPs;
AdvP: moreover, however, nonetheless, nevertheless, furthermore, next,
finally, consequently, therefore, thus, instead, indeed, besides, hence
PP: in addition, in conclusion, on the contrary, on one/the other hand,
in other words, for example, as a result, in the second place

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 Conjunct adverbials denote a logical connection
between the clause that follows and the clause or
clauses that precede: for example, the second clause
may express result (hence), contrast (however), addition
(moreover), apposition (namely), summation (overall),
listing (next), inference (then), and several other
connections. Like disjunct adverbials, conjunct
adverbials are sisters of S; the rule given in the
preceding section thus generates conjunct as well as
disjunct adverbials.
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Thankyou.