Different kind of tissues in

plant and animals

Submitted by:- Keerti Sharma(A-2022-

30-079)
Submitted to:- Dr. R K Chahota
Plant cell:-
Basic unit of all plants
Characteristics of plant cells:-
1. Cell wall surrounding the cell membrane
made up of cellulose.
2. Cell has distinct definite shape.
3. Plastids are present
4. Vacuoles are fewer and larger.
5. Starch is the storage material.
6. Mitochondria are generally spherical oval in
shape.
7. Centrosomes are present generally in lower
plants.
8. Synthesis their own food
9. Nucleus is peripheral in position
10. Lysosomes are present in less number.
11. Cell division take place by cell plate method.
Animal Cell:-
Basic unit of all animals
Characteristics of animal cells:-
1. Cell wall is absent.
2. Shape of animal cell is not so rigid.
3. Plastids are absent.
4. Vacuoles are more in number and small in
size
5. Centrosome are present in all animal cells.
6. Lysosomes are present in all the cells
7. Glycogen is the storage material.
8. Cell divide by cell furrow method.
9. Plasmodesmata are absent.
10. Nucleus is present at the center of the cell.
Various type of plant tissues systems:-
1. Epidermal tissue system:- It forms the
outer-most covering of the plant body and
comprises of epidermal cells, stomata and
the epidermal appendages
a) Epidermis:- It is the outermost layer of the
primary plant body. It is made up of
compactly arranged, elongated cells, which
forms a continous layer. Epidermal cells are
parenchymatous with a small amount of
cytoplasm lining the cell wall and a large
vacuole. The outside of the epidermis is
often covered with a waxy thick layer
called the cuticle which prevents the loss
of water. Cuticle is absent in roots
b) Stomata:- Stomata are structures present in the
epidermis of leaves. Stomata regulate the process of
transpiration and gaseous exchange. Each stoma is
composed of two beanshaped cells known as guard
cells which enclose stomatal pore. In grasses, the
guard cells are dumb-bell shaped. The outer walls of
guard cells (away from the stomatal pore) are thin
and the inner walls (towards the stomatal pore) are
highly thickened. The guard cells possess
chloroplasts and regulate the opening and closing of
stomata. Sometimes, a few epidermal cells, in the
vicinity of the guard cells become specialised in
their shape and size and are known as subsidiary
cells. The stomatal aperture, guard cells and the
surrounding subsidiary cells are together called
stomatal apparatus
c) Epidermal appendages:- The cells
of epidermis bear a number of hairs.
The root hairs are unicellular
elongations of the epidermal cells
and help absorb water and minerals
from the soil. On the stem the
epidermal hairs are called trichomes.
The trichomes in the shoot system
are usually multicellular. They may be
branched or unbranched and soft or
stiff. They may even be secretory. The
trichomes help in preventing water
loss due to transpiration
2. The Ground Tissue System:-
All tissues except epidermis and vascular
bundles constitute the ground tissue. It consists
of simple tissues such as parenchyma,
collenchyma and sclerenchyma
a) Parenchyma:-
It typically composed of living cells that are
thin-walled, unspecialized in structure, and
therefore adaptable, with differentiation, to
various functions. The main function of
parenchyma is to store food and provide
turgidity to organ where it is found.Parenchyma
is found in soft plant parts, including leaf
mesophyll, flowers, fruits, and young stems. It is
also present in petiole, ground tissue, leaf
mesophyll, and also in vascular bundles.
b) Collenchyma tissue:- Collenchyma is a
supporting tissue, characteristic of the growing
organs of many herbaceous and woody plants,
and it is also found in stems and leaves of
mature herbaceous plants. Collenchyma tissue
is composed by elongated living cells of uneven
primary thick walls, which possess
hemicellulose, cellulose, and pectic materials. It
provides support, structure, mechanical
strength, and flexibility to the petiole, leaf
veins, and stem of young plants, allowing for
easy bending without breakage.
c) Sclerchyma tissue:-Sclerenchyma tissue,
when mature, is composed of dead cells that
have heavily thickened walls containing lignin
and a high cellulose content (60%–80%), and
serves the function of providing structural
support in plants. Sclerenchyma cells possess
two types of cell walls: primary and
secondary walls.There are three types of
Sclereids namely brachy-sclereids, macro-
sclereids and osteo-sclereids.
3. The vascular tissue system:-
The vascular system consists of complex tissues,the
phloem and the xylem.
1) Xylem tissue:- plant vascular tissue that conveys
water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the
rest of the plant and also provides physical support.
a) Xylem vessels:- Present only in angiosperms.They
are long cylindrical structure which are dead and lack
protoplasm
b) Tracheids:- Dead, tube like cells with tapering end,
have thick lignified cell wall and lack protoplasm
c) Xylem parenchyma:- Only living cells of xylem,
which store starch and fat.
d) Xylem fibres:- Dead cell with lignified walls and a
central lumen
Phloem:-
It is a complex permanent tissue which is the food
conducting elements of the plants. It has 4 elements:-
a) Sieve tubes:- These have thick primary walls and
arranged one above another.
b) Companion cells:- The elongated, thin-walled,
specialized cell associated with sieve elements.
They are present only in angiosperm.
c) Phloem fibers:- These are thick walled, Elongated,
spindle shaped cells, also known as bast fibres.
These are the only dead tissue among the
elements.
d) Phloem parenchyma:- It comprises of
parenchyma cells and stores starch and fats.
Animal tissues:-
On the basis of function animal tissue can be
divided into 4 categories:-
1. Epithelial tissue:-
It forms the outer covering of the skin, forms
the line of respiratory, digestive, reproductive
and excretory tracts and also lines the body
cavity.
Functions:- Absortion, secretion, protection,
transportation, receptor function etc
Types:- Simple squamous, stratified squamous,
simple cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, simple
columnar, stratified columnar, psuedostratified
columnar and transitional epithelia.
Connective tissue:-
They support and connect different
tissues and organs of the body. They
arises from the mesoderm. These tissues
are made up of three type of fibers:
Collagen, elastic, reticulate fibers.
Types:-
1. Loose connective tissue(Areolar,
adipose, reticulate connective tissues)
2. Dense connective tissue(Dense
regular, Dense irregular, tendons and
ligaments)
3. Specialised connective
tissue(Cartilage, bone, blood, lymph)
Muscular tissue:-
It is a specialised tissue in animals which
applies forces to different parts of body by
contraction. It controls movement of an
organism. Its properties are contractibility,
extensibility, elasticity and excitability.
Types of muscular tissues:-
• Skeletal muscle cells(striated, voluntary
muscles)
• Smooth muscle cells(non striated
involuntary muscles)
• Cardiac muscle cells(involuntary muscles
found in heart)
 Nervous tissue:-
Nervous or the nerve tissue is the main tissue of our nervous
system. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body.
Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons
and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also
provides nutrients to neurons. Brain, Spinal Cord, and nerves
are composed of nervous tissue, they are specialized for
being stimulated to transmit stimulus from one to another
part of the body rapidly.
Function:-
1. Neurons generate and carry out nerve impulses. They
produce electrical signals that are transmitted across
distances, they do so by secreting chemical
neurotransmitters.
2. Responds to stimuli
3. Carries out communication and integration
4. Provides electrical insulations to nerve cells and removes
debris
5. Carries messages from other neurons to the cell body