We lc o m e !

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 topics to be covered

◍The human origins and the capacity

for culture.
◍The role of culture in human
adaptation.

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 Learning Competency/ies

◍Discuss the nature, goals and

perspectives in/of anthropology,
sociology and political science.

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Big concept
What have you observed on
the two videos?

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 Human
Evolution and
Culture
 To Understand Culture, you need to know
the following:

◍ Biological capacity of
humans for culture.
◍ Place of humans in the
animal kingdom.
◍ How humans came to develop
early forms of culture.

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Biological Capacity for
Culture

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The need to scrutinize human anatomy
to understand culture is
indispensable.

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 Our thinking Capacity

◍ The primary biological component of

humans that allowed for culture is
the developed brain. It has the
necessary parts for facilitating
pertinent skills such as speaking,
touching, feeling seeing, and
smelling.

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 The human brain and its
functions
Somatomotor
nt al l o be cortex Somatosensory
Fro
cortex
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Medulla Oblongata
Cerrebelum
Spinal Cord
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 b e Somatomotor
Fron tal lo cortex

◍ Deals with the functions

of cognition and
motor abilities

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Parietal lobe
◍ Allows for touch
and taste
abilities.

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Tempo r a l Lo b e

◍ Allows for
hearing skills.

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Occ i pi t a l L obe

◍ Allows for Visual

skills.

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1.4 kg

420 g

500 g

470 g

330 g

42 -48 g
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 Our Speaking Capacity

◍ The vocal tract acts as the

mechanism by which sounds are
produced and reproduced to transmit
ideas and values.

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 av e o b se rv e d,
As w e h
◍ A longer vocal tract means that
there is a longer vibration
surface, allowing humans to
produce a wider array of sounds
than chimpanzees. The tongue of
humans is also more flexible than
of chimpanzee, allowing for more
control in making sounds.
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 100 000 years ago, language develops.
-Traditional Scientific belief

500 000 years ago

-Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands

A hyoid bone, which is crucial for

speaking as it support the tongue.
-Homo Heidelbergensis

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Homo Neanderthalensis
(Neanderthals)

◍ Our nearest relative, was

also found to have the same
bone, which functions
similarly as ours.

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 Our Gripping Capacity

◍ The hand of a human has

digits (fingers) that are
straight, as compared with
the curved ones of the
other primates.

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 Our Gripping Capacity

◍ Notice that the thumb of the human

is proportionately longer than
those other primate.
◍ These characteristics of the human
hand allowed for two types of
grips: Power and Precision

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 Power Grip
◍ Enabled humans to wrap the
thumb and fingers on an
object; it became the
cornerstone of our capacity to
hold tools firmly for hunting
and other activities.

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 Precision Grip
◍ Enabled humans to hold and
pick objects steadily using
their fingers.

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Baboon

Orangutan Chimpanzee Human

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 Our Walking Capacity

◍ Primates have two forms of

locomotion; Bipedalism and
Quadropedalism.

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 Bipedalism
◍ This is the capacity to walk and
stand on two feet.

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 Quadropedalism
◍ This uses all four limbs.
◍ All apes are semi-bipedal, humans
are the only fully bipedal primates

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Human Origins and the
Capacity for Culture

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◍ It is believed that the crudest
methods of tool making may have
been practiced by the earlier
Australopithecines (A. Afarensis
and A. Africanus).

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◍ It is believed that the timeframe
is 3.4 million years ago, it is
based on the evidence of stone tool
usage found in the Dikika region in
Ethiopia, Africa.

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◍ Current archaeological and
anthropological timelines suggest
that toolmaking started 2.6 million
years ago.

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 Oldowan Industry

◍ A stone tool industry characterized

by the use of “hard water-worn
creek cobbles made out of volcanic
rock” (O’Neil, 2012)
◍ The impact of collision produces a
core tool (used for general
purposes) and flake tool (used as a
knife)
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 Oldowan Industry

◍ The evidence of this industry was

found by Mary and louis Leaky at
Olduvai, Tanzania, which was dated
at 2.6 million years ago.
◍ Homo Habilis
◍ Percussion Flake Method

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 Hammer
Stone

Core Stone

Flakes

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 Achuelian Industry

◍ Homo Erectus developed a more

complex industry from what they
inherited from Homo Habilis.
◍ They created hand axes that were
beneficial, shaped in both sides,
and with straighter and sharper
edges.

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 Achuelian Industry

◍ Tools that were made were kept and

not disposed of like the tools in
the Oldowan industry, as the tools
were more useful due to their
generic application.
◍ Choppers, cleavers, and hammers as
well as flakes used as knives and
scrapers.
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 Mousterian Industry

◍ This industry was developed by Homo

Neanderthalensis (Neandertals) in
Europe and West Asia between 300
000 and 30 000 years ago.
◍ It was named after a site in France
called Le Moustier, where evidence
was uncovered in 1860.

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 Mousterian Industry
◍ The tools from this industry
combined acheulian and Levalloisian
technique, which involved the use
of a premade core tool and the
extraction of a flake tool that has
sharpened edges.

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 Mousterian Industry
◍ This type of tools is very
efficient as all the sides of the
flake tool are sharpened and, due
to the reduction in size, more
handy

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By the end of the Paleolithic period, early humans
have been engaged in pro-culture type of industries
wherein they did not just create tools but also
started creating art and other symbolic materials.

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 Aurignacian Industry
◍ Users of this industry used raw
materials such as flint, animal
bones, and antlers.
◍ The method they employed in creating
tools such as fine blades was
similar to the one used in
Mousterian Industry.

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 Aurignacian Industry
◍ This industry considered as a cultural
milestone for the modern humans in
Europe because of the development of
their self-awareness.
◍ Cave paintings, accessories such as
figurines, bracelets and beads.

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 Magdalenian Industry
◍ Paleolithic Period to Neolithic
Period.
◍ Le Madeleine site in Dordogne,
France.
◍ This industry, is also a proto-
culture.

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 Revolutionary advancements
such as:

◍ Creation of microliths from flint,

bones, antlers and ivory.
◍ Used artistic engravings, figurines,
personal adornments and other forms
of mobiliary art.

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 Revolutionary advancements
such as:

◍ Application of heat on the material

prior to flaking process. This was
done by casting raw material on
fire, which allowed for a more
precise cut upon flaking.

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◍ The creation of specialized weapons
such as barbed harpoons is evidence
of the growing sophistication of the
hunting skills in technology of the
early humans.

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Process of Cultural and
Sociopolitical Evolution

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 Process of Cultural and
Sociopolitical Evolution

◍ By the end of Paleolithic Period,

Earth was getting warmer as the Ice
Age was already at its last stages…

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 Neolithic Period

◍ Categorized as the major shift in

economic subsistence of the early
humans from foraging to agriculture.

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 Neolithic Period

◍ This dramatic shift affected the

other aspect of their lives, as
foraging made them Nomads and
agriculture encourage permanent
settlement.

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 Neolithic Period

◍ This shift in itself changed the

array of:
◍ Behaviors,
◍ Attitudes,
◍ Beliefs,
◍ And corresponding inventions.

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Characteristics of Paleolithic
and Neolithic Societies

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Characteristics Paleolithic Neolithic

Tools Small and handy for mobile lifestyle Include a wider array of small and
bigger tools due to sedentary
lifestyle.

Personal Properties Limited to personal accessories and Include structures (e.g., houses),
small tools that could easily be decorative ornaments, large
carried around container

Art Small and limited to personal Included the creation of

ornaments, bigger artworks were
done but not within a long
timeframe (e.g., cave paintings)
Subsistence Foraging
artworks that required a
longer length of time and a
greater number of people
(e.g., Stonehenge)
Agriculture

Leadership Not rigid: Based on age and Semi rigid: Based on legitimacy
knowledge (Religious beliefs, social status)

Social Divisions None Elite vs Working Class

Population size Small (30- 50 people) Large (In thousands)

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Early Civilization and the
Rise of State

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 Early Civilization and the Rise of State

◍ Early civilizations were

characterized by the presence of
city-states, a system of writing,
and a ceremonial center where public
debates and decisions where made.

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 Early Civilization and the Rise of State

◍ Not all societies during this period

could be considered as civilizations
as not all possessed a political
system that could be equated to a
state.

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 State

◍ A political entity that has

four requisite elements:
territory, sovereignty, people
and government.

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 Primary theories on how state roses:

◍ Divine Theory
◍ Force Theory
◍ Paternalistic Theory
◍ Social Contract
◍ Natural Theory

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 Divine Theory

◍ Rulers ascended to power

convinced that their right to
rule is based on their filial
relationship with supernatural
forces and entities.
◍ “God-King” concept
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 Force Theory

◍ A group of members of another

group to subject themselves to
their rules.

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 Paternalistic Theory

◍ The father essentially is the

leader of the first political
unit, which grew as the number
of the members of his family
grew.

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 Social Contract

◍ The creation of a state was a

mutual agreement between the
ruler and the ruled to ensure
order and security from outside
threats.

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 Natural Theory

◍ Humans have an innate need to

be part of the community.
◍ Aristotle described humans as
political animals, as it is in
their nature to indulge in
politics.
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Democratization of Early
Civilizations

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 Democratization
◍ The transition to a more democratic
political regime.
Causes for the Rise of Democracy
◍ Wealth and Money
◍ Social Equality
◍ Culture
◍ Foreign Interventions
 Democratization of Early Civilizations

◍ The traditional view on the

history of democracy highlights
its development among the city-
states of Ancient Greece,
around 507 BCE.

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The Legacy of Early Humans to
Contemporary Population

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 Cultural Heritage

◍ Cultural Heritage is not limited to material

manifestations, such as monuments and objects that
have been preserved over time. This notion
encompasses living expressions and traditions that
countless groups and communities worldwide have
inherited from their ancestors and transmit to
their descendants, in most cases, orally.
-UNESCO, 2010

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 Two-part meaning of Cultural Heritage

◍ Tangible – Structures, Monuments,

historical sites and other artifacts.
◍ Intangible – Literature, oral
traditions, concepts and values.

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 Two categories of Tangible heritage

◍ Immovable Tangible Heritage – Monuments

(e.g., Stonehedge)
◍ Movable Tangible Heritage – Artifacts

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 The Role of Museums in
Preserving Human Heritage

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 Two categories of Tangible heritage

◍ Fostering Community Solidarity through

shared history.
◍ Regeneration and development of the local
economy.

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